A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

A lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and an electrolyte solution. The negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode material. The negative electrode material contains a polymer compound, and the polymer compound has a peak in a range of 3.2 ppm or more and 3.8 ppm or less in a chemical shift of .sup.1H-NMR spectrum. Alternatively, the negative electrode material contains a polymer compound having a repeating structure of oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene units. A ratio: C.sub.n/S.sub.n of a content C.sub.n of the polymer compound in the negative electrode material to a specific surface area S.sub.n of the negative electrode material is 25 ppm.Math.m.sup.−2.Math.g or more.

A lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and an electrolyte solution. The negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode material. The negative electrode material contains a polymer compound. The polymer compound has a peak in a range of 3.2 ppm or more and 3.8 ppm or less in a chemical shift of .sup.1H-NMR spectrum, or the negative electrode material contains a polymer compound having a repeating structure of oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene units.

According to one or more embodiments presently described, metal-containing particles may be made by a method that includes introducing a molten material into a reaction zone of a reactor system, passing a process gas into the reaction zone in a direction substantially tangential to a sidewall of the reaction zone, and contacting the process gas with the molten material in the reaction zone to form metal-containing particles. The molten material may be introduced into an upper portion of the reaction zone The reaction zone may include a substantially circular cross-section, and the molten metal may be introduced into the reaction zone in a laminar flow or as atomized particles.

According to one or more embodiments presently described, metal-containing particles may be made by a method that includes introducing a molten material into a reaction zone of a reactor system, passing a process gas into the reaction zone in a direction substantially tangential to a sidewall of the reaction zone, and contacting the process gas with the molten material in the reaction zone to form metal-containing particles. The molten material may be introduced into an upper portion of the reaction zone The reaction zone may include a substantially circular cross-section, and the molten metal may be introduced into the reaction zone in a laminar flow or as atomized particles.

A lead acid or lead carbon battery includes a sealed casing including an acid and an electrode assembly. The electrode assembly includes an anode, a cathode, and a non-fibrous separator disposed between and in contact with at least a portion of both the anode and the cathode, wherein the anode, cathode, and non-fibrous separator are at least partially immersed in the acid. The anode includes an electrically conductive carbon active material, the cathode includes a lead oxide active material, and the non-fibrous separator has a thickness of about 0.005 to about 1.5 mm.

A lead acid or lead carbon battery includes a sealed casing including an acid and an electrode assembly. The electrode assembly includes an anode, a cathode, and a non-fibrous separator disposed between and in contact with at least a portion of both the anode and the cathode, wherein the anode, cathode, and non-fibrous separator are at least partially immersed in the acid. The anode includes an electrically conductive carbon active material, the cathode includes a lead oxide active material, and the non-fibrous separator has a thickness of about 0.005 to about 1.5 mm.

A method for recycling lead-containing waste comprises: (a) dissolving the lead-containing waste in an aqueous solution of a first acid to form a solution of a first lead salt; (b) adding a second acid to the solution of the first lead salt to form a lead-depleted solution and a precipitate of a second lead salt; and (c) converting the precipitate of the second lead salt into leady oxide, wherein the first lead salt has a higher solubility in water than the second lead salt. The method may be used for recycling spent lead-acid battery paste.

Lead/lead oxide/carbon (“Pb—O—C”) nanocomposite materials are useful as electrode active materials for electrodes in lithium and sodium batteries. A Pb—O—C nanocomposite as described herein comprises Pb and PbOx nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in a carbon nanoparticle matrix. In the Nanocomposite, the other element or elements (e.g., transition metals, Al, Si, P, Sn, Sb, and Bi) can be alloyed with the Pb nanoparticles, incorporated as a mixed oxide with the PbOx nanoparticles, or can be present as distinct elemental or oxide nanoparticles within the carbon nanoparticle matrix. In some embodiments, the additional element or elements are present as alloys and mixed oxides with the Pb materials and as distinct elemental and/or oxide nanoparticles. In a preferred embodiment the Pb nanoparticles surface is oxidized to PbOx thus creating a shell on core nanostructure.