A battery system comprising: an anode composed of a non-toxic biocompatible metal; a first printable carbon-based current collector comprising biocompatible multiple few layer graphene (FLG) sheets in electrical contact with and extending from the anode; a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical mesoporous carbon-based cathode including an open porous structure configured to catalyze an active material via gas diffusion; a polymer-based barrier film deposited on the 3D hierarchical mesoporous carbon-based cathode, the polymer-based barrier film configured to prevent oxygen from entering the open porous structure while deposited on the 3D hierarchical mesoporous carbon-based cathode; a second printable carbon-based current collector comprising biocompatible multiple few layer graphene (FLG) sheets in electrical contact with and extending from the cathode; and an electrolyte layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, the electrolyte layer configured to activate the battery system when released into one or both of the anode and the cathode.

This application provides a polymer current collector, a preparation method thereof, and a secondary battery, battery module, battery pack, and apparatus associated therewith. The polymer current collector provided in this application includes polymer film layers, where the polymer film layers include a first polymer film layer and a second polymer film layer, a resistivity of the first polymer film layer is denoted as ρ1, a resistivity of the second polymer film layer is denoted as ρ2, and the current collector satisfies ρ1>ρ2. The polymer current collector in this application can induce to deposit of lithium metal from a low conductivity side to a high conductivity side, avoiding risks of depositing lithium ions on the surface of the current collector and thereby increasing cycle life of lithium metal batteries.

An electrode for a secondary battery includes a current collector; and an active material structure on the current collector, the activate material structure including: at least one first high-density layer, and at least one second high-density layer, the at least one second high-density layer being further away from the current collector as compared to the at least one first high-density layer; and a low-density layer between the at least one first high-density layer and the at least one second high-density layer, wherein a thickness of the at least one second high-density layer is greater than a thickness of the at least one first high-density layer.

Disclosed are a method for manufacturing a porous structure for lithium batteries, a porous structure for lithium batteries manufactured thereby, an anode for lithium batteries including the porous structure for lithium batteries, and a lithium battery including the same.

A three-dimensional metallic foam is fabricated with an active oxide material for use as an anode for lithium batteries. The porous metal foam, which can be fabricated by a freeze-casting process, is used as the anode current collector of the lithium battery. The porous metal foam can be heat-treated to form an active oxide material to form on the surface of the metal foam. The oxide material acts as the three-dimensional active material that reacts with lithium ions during charging and discharging.

A battery-powered analyte sensing system includes a printed battery and an analyte sensor. The printed battery includes an anode composed of a non-toxic biocompatible metal, a first carbon-based current collector in electrical contact with the anode, a three-dimensional hierarchical mesoporous carbon-based cathode, a second carbon-based current collector, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, the electrolyte layer configured to activate the printed battery when the electrolyte is released into one or both the anode and the cathode. The analyte sensor includes a sensing material and a reactive chemistry additive in the sensing material.

A storage element for a solid electrolyte battery is provided, having a main member of a porous ceramic matrix in which particles, that are made of a metal and/or a metal oxide and jointly form a redox couple, are embedded, the particles having a lamellar shape.

A method for producing a catalyst material for an electrode of an electrochemical cell includes doping a carbon material with nitrogen atoms, where the doping includes: bringing a carbon material into contact with urea at a temperature in a temperature range from 750° C. to 850° C.; bringing an oxidized carbon material into contact with cyanamide at a temperature in a temperature range from 550° C. to 650° C.; or bringing an oxidized carbon material into contact with melamine at a temperature in a temperature range from 550° C. to 650° C.

A three-dimensional metallic foam is fabricated with an active oxide material for use as an anode for lithium batteries. The porous metal foam, which can be fabricated by a freeze-casting process, is used as the anode current collector of the lithium battery. The porous metal foam can be heat-treated to form an active oxide material to form on the surface of the metal foam. The oxide material acts as the three-dimensional active material that reacts with lithium ions during charging and discharging.

Provided here is a method of manufacturing a lattice electrode useful in an energy storage device such as a battery or capacitor. A lattice electrode useful in an energy storage device such as a battery or capacitor also is provided, along with energy storage devices such as batteries or capacitors.