Flow cell batteries and methods of producing an electric current are provided. In some implementations, a flow cell battery includes an electrochemical cell including an ion exchange membrane, an anode current collector, and a cathode current collector. The space between the ion exchange membrane and the anode current collector forms a first channel and the space between the ion exchange membrane and the cathode current collector forms a second channel. The ion exchange membrane is configured to allow ions to pass between the first and second channel. The battery includes a first tank configured to flow an anolyte through the first channel, wherein the anolyte is hydrogen gas. The battery includes a second tank configured to flow a catholyte through the second channel, wherein the catholyte is a compound that can be reversibly hydrogenated and dehydrogenated. The flow cell battery can be used to generate electric current.

Flow cell batteries and methods of producing an electric current are provided. In some implementations, a flow cell battery includes an electrochemical cell including an ion exchange membrane, an anode current collector, and a cathode current collector. The space between the ion exchange membrane and the anode current collector forms a first channel and the space between the ion exchange membrane and the cathode current collector forms a second channel. The ion exchange membrane is configured to allow ions to pass between the first and second channel. The battery includes a first tank configured to flow an anolyte through the first channel, wherein the anolyte is hydrogen gas. The battery includes a second tank configured to flow a catholyte through the second channel, wherein the catholyte is a compound that can be reversibly hydrogenated and dehydrogenated. The flow cell battery can be used to generate electric current.

Nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material comprising PtNiIr, the catalyst material preferably having the formula Pt.sub.xNi.sub.yIr.sub.z, wherein x is in a range from 26.6 to 47.8, y is in a range from 48.7 to 70, and z is in a range from 1 to 11.4. The nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material is useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

Nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material comprising PtNiIr, the catalyst material preferably having the formula Pt.sub.xNi.sub.yIr.sub.z, wherein x is in a range from 26.6 to 47.8, y is in a range from 48.7 to 70, and z is in a range from 1 to 11.4. The nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material is useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

Described is a composite material composed of an atomically thin (single layer) amorphous carbon disposed on top of a substrate (metal, glass, oxides) and methods of growing and differentiating stem cells.

A method for preparing a catalytic material of an electrode for electrochemical reduction reactions, which comprises: a) a step of electrolysis of at least one aqueous and/or organic solution comprising at least one precursor of the active phase comprising at least one group VIB metal in order to obtain a solution comprising at least one precursor comprising at least one group VIB metal which has been partially reduced; b) a step of impregnation of said support with said solution obtained in step a) in order to obtain a catalytic material precursor; c) a step of drying said precursor obtained in step b) at a temperature below 250° C., without subsequent calcination; d) a step of sulfurization of the catalytic material precursor obtained in step c) at a temperature of between 100° C. and 600° C.

Nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material comprising PtNiIr. The nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material is useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

Nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material comprising PtNiIr. The nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material is useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

A method for making nanoporous nickel composite material comprises: providing a cathode plate and a copper-containing anode plate, electroplating a copper material layer a surface of the cathode plate; laying a carbon nanotube layer on the copper material layer, and forming an overlapped structure of the copper material layer and the carbon nanotube laye; the cathode plate and the overlapped structure are used as a cathode, and a nickel-containing anode plate is used as an anode, plating a nickel material layer on the overlapped structure to form sandwich structure; repeating steps S1 to S3 to obtain a carbon nanotube-reinforced copper-nickel alloy; rolling and annealing the carbon nanotube-reinforced copper-nickel alloy; and etching the carbon nanotube-reinforced copper-nickel alloy to form the nanoporous nickel composite material.

Described is a fuel cell comprising an electrode catalyst assembly, and a two-dimensional (2D) amorphous carbon, wherein the 2D amorphous carbon has a crystallinity (C)≤0.8.