A battery includes an air cathode, an anode, an aqueous electrolyte, and a housing, wherein, the housing includes one or more air access ports defining a total vent area, the battery exhibit a current density, a ratio of current density to total vent area is greater than about 100 mA/mm.sup.2, and the aqueous electrolyte comprises an amphoteric fluorosurfactant.

The present invention provides a fiber-reinforced aerogel material which can be used as insulation in thermal battery applications. The fiber-reinforced aerogel material is highly durable, flexible, and has a thermal performance that exceeds the insulation materials currently used in thermal battery applications. The fiber-reinforced aerogel insulation material can be as thin as 1 mm less, and can have a thickness variation as low as 2% or less. Also provided is a method for improving the performance of a thermal battery by incorporating a reinforced aerogel material into the thermal battery. Further provided is a casting method for producing thin fiber-reinforced aerogel materials.

The present invention provides a fiber-reinforced aerogel material which can be used as insulation in thermal battery applications. The fiber-reinforced aerogel material is highly durable, flexible, and has a thermal performance that exceeds the insulation materials currently used in thermal battery applications. The fiber-reinforced aerogel insulation material can be as thin as 1 mm less, and can have a thickness variation as low as 2% or less. Also provided is a method for improving the performance of a thermal battery by incorporating a reinforced aerogel material into the thermal battery. Further provided is a casting method for producing thin fiber-reinforced aerogel materials.

A battery includes an air cathode, an anode, an aqueous electrolyte, and a housing, wherein, the housing includes one or more air access ports defining a total vent area, the battery exhibit a current density, a ratio of current density to total vent area is greater than about 100 mA/mm.sup.2, and the aqueous electrolyte comprises an amphoteric fluorosurfactant.

Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

A pressure control valve structure includes a wall portion having a plurality of communication holes communicating with the internal space, a plurality of tubular portions surrounding the communication holes and extending outwardly from a wall surface of the wall portion as a proximal end, an elastic valve body disposed in each of the tubular portions and having a first end surface and a second surface opposite from the first surface, an outer peripheral wall surrounding the plurality of tubular portions collectively, and a cover fixed to the outer peripheral wall. The tubular portions are spaced from the cover. The tubular portions has an inner wall surface that includes an inclined surface that is inclined downwardly in a gravity direction from the proximal end of the tubular portion to a distal end of the tubular portion with a compression direction of the elastic valve body set extending horizontally.

The present invention provides a fiber-reinforced aerogel material which can be used as insulation in thermal battery applications. The fiber-reinforced aerogel material is highly durable, flexible, and has a thermal performance that exceeds the insulation materials currently used in thermal battery applications. The fiber-reinforced aerogel insulation material can be as thin as 1 mm less, and can have a thickness variation as low as 2% or less. Also provided is a method for improving the performance of a thermal battery by incorporating a reinforced aerogel material into the thermal battery. Further provided is a casting method for producing thin fiber-reinforced aerogel materials.

The present invention provides a fiber-reinforced aerogel material which can be used as insulation in thermal battery applications. The fiber-reinforced aerogel material is highly durable, flexible, and has a thermal performance that exceeds the insulation materials currently used in thermal battery applications. The fiber-reinforced aerogel insulation material can be as thin as 1 mm less, and can have a thickness variation as low as 2% or less. Also provided is a method for improving the performance of a thermal battery by incorporating a reinforced aerogel material into the thermal battery. Further provided is a casting method for producing thin fiber-reinforced aerogel materials.

A composite including a base polymer and a surface-treated inorganic moisture absorbent. The surface-treated inorganic moisture absorbent is surface-treated with a surface-treating agent having a solubility parameter difference of less than or equal to about 3.5 from that of the base polymer. An article including the composite, a battery case including the composite or the article, and a battery including the battery case and an electrode assembly including a positive electrode and a negative electrode.

A composite including a base polymer and a surface-treated inorganic moisture absorbent. The surface-treated inorganic moisture absorbent is surface-treated with a surface-treating agent having a solubility parameter difference of less than or equal to about 3.5 from that of the base polymer. An article including the composite, a battery case including the composite or the article, and a battery including the battery case and an electrode assembly including a positive electrode and a negative electrode.