Disclosed is an electrolyte for a redox flow battery including at least one additive selected from the group consisting of a taurine compound and an amino acid compound. Thus, it is possible to provide an electrolyte for a redox flow battery which may have high solubility of active materials, be stable at high temperature or high pH, and show excellent electrochemical properties. In addition, when the electrolyte for a redox flow battery includes a nitrogen (N)-containing organic molecule having high redox activity as an active material, it is possible to realize a high-efficiency demetallized redox flow battery capable of solving the problems of dendrite formation or irreversible precipitation fundamentally.

A lithium primary battery including: a battery case; an electrode group; and a nonaqueous electrolyte; the nonaqueous electrolyte contains a nonaqueous solvent, a solute, and an additive; the electrode group includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator interposed therebetween; the negative electrode includes foil composed of metal lithium or a lithium alloy, has a shape extending in a longitudinal direction and a short direction, and provided with a long tape adhered to at least one main surface of the negative electrode along the longitudinal direction thereof; the tape includes a resin substrate and an adhesive layer and has a width of 0.5 to 3 mm; and the additive is a lithium salt represented by the following formula (1): Li.sub.xMC.sub.yO.sub.zF.sub.α (1≤x≤2, 0≤y≤6, 0≤z≤8, 0≤α≤6, and 1≤y+z+α are satisfied, and y and z are not simultaneously 0), and the element M includes at least one of phosphorus and boron.

A nonaqueous electrolyte includes a lithium salt and a nonaqueous solvent in which the lithium salt is dissolved. The nonaqueous solvent includes a fluorinated chain carboxylate ester and a dicarbonyl compound having two carbonyl groups in the molecule. The dicarbonyl compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of esters and acid anhydrides and has not more than three atoms between the two carbonyl groups.

A lithium primary battery pack 100 includes: a primary battery body 1 including a cathode, an anode, and a separator; a voltage converter 22 that boosts the voltage from the primary battery body 1 to 3.4-3.8 V and outputs the boosted voltage; a detector 23 that detects a decrease in the voltage of the primary battery body 1; a cathode terminal T1 and an anode terminal T2 coupled to the voltage converter 22; and a signal terminal T3 coupled to the detector 23.

A lithium primary battery pack 100 includes: a primary battery body 1 including a cathode, an anode, and a separator; a voltage converter 22 that boosts the voltage from the primary battery body 1 to 3.4-3.8 V and outputs the boosted voltage; a detector 23 that detects a decrease in the voltage of the primary battery body 1; a cathode terminal T1 and an anode terminal T2 coupled to the voltage converter 22; and a signal terminal T3 coupled to the detector 23.

An electrochemical device, which is a non-aqueous electrochemical device, comprising a polymer (P) enclosed in an inside of the electrochemical device, wherein the polymer (P) is a polymer having a molecular structure containing a unit (P) represented by the following formula (P), the polymer (P) having a weight-average molecular weight of greater than 50,000, as well as an electrode for an electrochemical device, a coating liquid for an electrochemical device, an insulating layer for an electrochemical device, an undercoat layer for an electrochemical device, and an electrolytic solution for an electrochemical device including the polymer (P) and other ingredients:

##STR00001## in the formula (P), R.sup.P is a group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

Systems, articles, and methods directed to electrochemical systems (e.g., batteries) and the electrochemical reduction of halogenated compounds are generally described. In certain embodiments, the halogenated compound comprises at least one sulfur pentahalide (e.g., pentafluoride) group associated with a conjugated system.

A printed energy storage device includes a first electrode including zinc, a second electrode including manganese dioxide, and a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrode, second, electrode, and separator printed onto a substrate. The device may include a first current collector and/or a second current collector printed onto the substrate. The energy storage device may include a printed intermediate layer between the separator and the first electrode. The first electrode, and the second electrode may include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode and the second electrode may include an electrolyte having zinc tetrafluoroborate (ZnBF.sub.4) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode, the second electrode, the first current collector, and/or the second current collector can include carbon nanotubes. The separator may include solid microspheres.

A battery includes an anode having an alkali metal as the active material, a cathode having, for example, iron disulfide as the active material, and an increased electrolyte volume.

A battery includes an anode having an alkali metal as the active material, a cathode having, for example, iron disulfide as the active material, and an increased electrolyte volume.