A system is described that is capable of operating as an energy conversion system that functions as a fuel cell and generates electrical current from a fuel or fuels, or as a reactor for conversion of starter materials into more complex molecules through ion-ion and ion-molecules and which may preferably be adapted to operate as a gas to liquid (GTL) process. The system ionises at least one fuel or starter material and manipulates, selects and transports ions for reaction by means of suitable electrostatic or electrodynamic ion guides, filters or drift tubes. The system of the present application replaces the electrolyte, catalyst and/or membrane found in classic fuel cells or GTL processes with an electrostatic or electrodynamic ion manipulation region such as an ion guide, analyser, drift tube or filter.

A system is described that is capable of operating as an energy conversion system that functions as a fuel cell and generates electrical current from a fuel or fuels, or as a reactor for conversion of starter materials into more complex molecules through ion-ion and ion-molecules and which may preferably be adapted to operate as a gas to liquid (GTL) process. The system ionises at least one fuel or starter material and manipulates, selects and transports ions for reaction by means of suitable electrostatic or electrodynamic ion guides, filters or drift tubes. The system of the present application replaces the electrolyte, catalyst and/or membrane found in classic fuel cells or GTL processes with an electrostatic or electrodynamic ion manipulation region such as an ion guide, analyser, drift tube or filter.

A controller according to an embodiment controls a hydrogen system including at least a hydrogen production system in which received power is planned in advance and a hydrogen production amount changes in accordance with the received power. The controller includes: a processor that calculates, in a preparation time period before a demand adjustment time period in which a target value of the received power is set in advance, a control command value such that input power to be inputted as the received power to the hydrogen production system matches the target value at a start of the demand adjustment time period; and a command controller that outputs the control command value calculated by the processor to the hydrogen production system.

The present disclosure is directed towards the design of electrochemical cells for use in high pressure or high differential pressure operations. The electrochemical cells of the present disclosure have non-circular external pressure boundaries, i.e., the cells have non-circular profiles. In such cells, the internal fluid pressure during operation is balanced by the axial tensile forces developed in the bipolar plates, which prevent the external pressure boundaries of the cells from flexing or deforming. That is, the bipolar plates are configured to function as tension members during operation of the cells. To function as an effective tension member, the thickness of a particular bipolar plate is determined based on the yield strength of the material selected for fabricating the bipolar plate, the internal fluid pressure in the flow structure adjacent to the bipolar plate, and the thickness of the adjacent flow structure.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a diesel reforming system comprising: a diesel autothermal reformer; a liquid desulfurizer disposed upstream of the diesel autothermal reformer and configured to remove sulfur compounds from diesel fuel prior to feeding to the diesel autothermal reformer; a combustor in communication with the liquid desulfurizer and configured to provide heat for the liquid desulfurizer; a regulating valve in communication with the liquid desulfurizer and the combustor, the regulating valve being configured to control diesel fuel feeds to the liquid desulfurizer and the combustor; and a post-reformer disposed downstream of the diesel autothermal reformer.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a diesel reforming system comprising: a diesel autothermal reformer; a liquid desulfurizer disposed upstream of the diesel autothermal reformer and configured to remove sulfur compounds from diesel fuel prior to feeding to the diesel autothermal reformer; a combustor in communication with the liquid desulfurizer and configured to provide heat for the liquid desulfurizer; a regulating valve in communication with the liquid desulfurizer and the combustor, the regulating valve being configured to control diesel fuel feeds to the liquid desulfurizer and the combustor; and a post-reformer disposed downstream of the diesel autothermal reformer.

An electrolytic solution comprising N-(fluorosulfonyl)-N-(fluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide or di(fluorosulfonyl)imide, from which a residual solvent that affects the properties of the electrolyte solution material is reduced, is provided. A method for producing an electrolyte solution material containing fluorosulfonyl imide salt represented by the following general formula (1) and an electrolyte solution preparation solvent comprises decompressing and/or heating a solution containing the fluorosulfonyl imide salt and the electrolyte solution preparation solvent to volatilize a production solvent for the fluorosulfonyl imide salt. ##STR00001## In general formula (1), R.sub.1 represents a fluorine atom or a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 represents an alkali metal ion.

A method of rebalancing electrolytes in a redox flow battery system comprises directing hydrogen gas generated on the negative side of the redox flow battery system to a catalyst surface, and fluidly contacting the hydrogen gas with an electrolyte comprising a metal ion at the catalyst surface, wherein the metal ion is chemically reduced by the hydrogen gas at the catalyst surface, and a state of charge of the electrolyte and pH of the electrolyte remain substantially balanced.

A controller stops flow of posolyte through a positive electrode chamber of a flow cell to trap the posolyte within the positive electrode chamber and hydraulically isolate the flow cell without stopping flow of negolyte through a negative electrode chamber of the flow cell, discharges the flow cell until hydrogen gas is evolved at a reactive surface of the positive electrode chamber while the posolyte is trapped within the positive electrode chamber, and subsequently discontinues the discharge and restarts the flow of the posolyte through the positive electrode chamber.

A device for carrying fuel in aircraft and spacecraft includes a carrier element having a longitudinal axis, and a fuel tank with a side wall and a chamber at least partially delimited by the side wall. The tank is arranged in the carrier element. The chamber and the side wall extend in a direction along the longitudinal axis. The side wall has a pressure-receiving component that converts a pressure from the chamber on the side wall into a contraction force acting on the side wall along the longitudinal axis. The contraction force compensates for an expansion force, resulting from the pressure from the chamber and acting on the side wall along the longitudinal axis. This provides an improved device for carrying fuel in aircraft and spacecraft, wherein the aircraft and spacecraft has constant flight mechanical properties because of the device.