A coplanar waveguide transmission line and a design method thereof are provided. The coplanar waveguide transmission line includes a first dielectric substrate, a center conductor strip, and two ground conductor strips. The first dielectric substrate has a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other. The center conductor strip and the ground conductor strips are stacked and fixed to the first surface. The center conductor strip includes a first segment and a second segment. A width of the first segment is greater than a width of the second segment, so that the first segment and the second segment form a step structure. A rectangular groove recessed toward the second surface is defined in the first surface, and a part of the center conductor strip is stacked and fixed to a side, distal from the second surface, of the rectangular groove to form a defected ground structure.

A hybrid coupler for dividing an input electrical signal to produce first and second output electrical signals which are substantially out of phase, the hybrid coupler including an input port for receiving the input electrical signal, and an input line for coupling the input electrical signal to a slotline. The hybrid coupler further includes an output line for coupling the first and second output electrical signals to a first output port and a second output port, respectively. The output line has a junction with the slotline. The hybrid coupler further includes a co-planar waveguide electrically connected to said output line and having a first end and an opposing second end, and defining, at the second end, a sum port configured to divert common mode signals received at said first and second output ports to said second end. The slotline transitions into the first end of the co-planar waveguide.

A coplanar waveguide transmission line and a design method thereof are provided. The coplanar waveguide transmission line includes a first dielectric substrate, a center conductor strip, and two ground conductor strips. The first dielectric substrate has a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other. The center conductor strip and the ground conductor strips are stacked and fixed to the first surface. The center conductor strip includes a first segment and a second segment. A width of the first segment is greater than a width of the second segment, so that the first segment and the second segment form a step structure. A rectangular groove recessed toward the second surface is defined in the first surface, and a part of the center conductor strip is stacked and fixed to a side, distal from the second surface, of the rectangular groove to form a defected ground structure.

A hybrid coupler (20) for dividing an input electrical signal to produce first and second output electrical signals which are substantially out of phase, the hybrid coupler including: a first port comprising an input port (12) for receiving the input electrical signal; an input line (14) for coupling the input electrical signal to a slotline (18); and an output line (24) for coupling the first and second output electrical signals to, respectively, second and third ports comprising, respectively, a first output port (26) and a second output port (28), the output line (24) having a junction with the slotline (18); wherein the slotline (18) couples the input electrical signal to the junction, and the junction acts as a divider to produce the first and second electrical signals; wherein the hybrid coupler further comprises: an input section including said input line (14) and an output section including said output line (24), and wherein the slotline (18) is terminated at the output section by an output open circuit termination (22); a pair of ground planes, between which said input line (14) and said output line (24) are located; and wherein: on one of the ground planes, the slotline (18) transitions at said output section into a first end of a Co-Planar Waveguide (40), said Co-Planar Waveguide (40) being electrically connected to said output line (24), said Co-Planar Waveguide (40) defining, at a second, opposing end thereof, a sum port (46) configured to divert common mode signals received at said first and second output ports (26) to said sum port (46).

A planar array antenna is provided which can be used in broader bands. The planar array antenna includes a plurality of unit cells 50 which are one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally arranged. Each of the unit cells 50 includes a radiation portion 51 which includes a radiation conductor 11 and a first ground conductor layer 13 spaced away from the radiation conductor 11 and having a first slot 13c, and a power supply portion 52 which includes a strip conductor 14. The strip conductor 14 has a first end portion 14c which is supplied with an electric power from an external device and a second end portion 14d which is spaced away from the first end portion in a longitudinal direction. The distance between the first end portion 14c and the first ground conductor layer 13 is different from the distance between the second end portion 14d and the first ground conductor layer 13.

Embodiments include waveguide launchers and connectors (WLCs), and a method of forming a WLC. The WLC has a waveguide connector with a waveguide launcher, a taper, and a slot-line signal converter; and a balun structure on the slot-line signal converter, where the taper is on the slot-line signal converter and a terminal end of the waveguide connector to form a channel and a tapered slot. The WLC may have the waveguide connector disposed on the package, and a waveguide coupled to waveguide connector. The WLC may include assembly pads and external walls of the waveguide connector electrically coupled to package. The WLC may have the balun structure convert a signal to a slot-line signal, and the waveguide launcher converts the slot-line signal to a closed waveguide mode signal, and emits the closed signal along channel and propagates the closed signal along taper slot to the waveguide coupled to waveguide connector.

Embodiments include waveguide launchers and connectors (WLCs), and a method of forming a WLC. The WLC has a waveguide connector with a waveguide launcher, a taper, and a slot-line signal converter; and a balun structure on the slot-line signal converter, where the taper is on the slot-line signal converter and a terminal end of the waveguide connector to form a channel and a tapered slot. The WLC may have the waveguide connector disposed on the package, and a waveguide coupled to waveguide connector. The WLC may include assembly pads and external walls of the waveguide connector electrically coupled to package. The WLC may have the balun structure convert a signal to a slot-line signal, and the waveguide launcher converts the slot-line signal to a closed waveguide mode signal, and emits the closed signal along channel and propagates the closed signal along taper slot to the waveguide coupled to waveguide connector.

An apparatus and a method for electromagnetic signal transition, comprising the steps of receiving an electromagnetic signal having a first physical characteristic arranged to be compatible for the electromagnetic signal to be transmitted on a transmission structure, and transmitting the electromagnetic signal to a substrate integrated waveguide, wherein during the transmission of the electromagnetic signal to the substrate integrated waveguide, the first physical characteristic is converted to a second physical characteristic arranged to be compatible for the electromagnetic signal to be transmitted on the substrate integrated waveguide.

A chip package includes a semiconductor chip and a substrate integrated waveguide. The substrate integrated waveguide includes a first metal layer, a second metal layer arranged over the first metal layer and a dielectric substrate arranged between the first metal layer and the second metal layer. The chip package further includes a slot formed in the second metal layer and a signal line electrically coupling the semiconductor chip and the second metal layer. The signal line crosses the slot when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the second metal layer.