There are included: generation means for generating predetermined information represented by a bit string; and control means for controlling a phase difference between current and voltage of AC power at predetermined time intervals so that each bit value included in the bit string is represented.

A code modulator transmits power to at least one code demodulator via a transmission path. The code modulator is provided with: a code modulation circuit to which output power of a power supply is supplied, the code modulation circuit modulating the output power of the power supply to generate a code-modulated wave by code modulation using a modulation code based on a code sequence, and transmitting the code-modulated wave to the code demodulator via the transmission path; and a control circuit that controls the code modulation circuit. The control circuit sets a frequency of the modulation code to a multiple of an output power frequency of the power supply.

This document relates to electricity management using modulated waveforms. One example modulates electricity to obtain modulated electricity having at least two different alternating current frequencies including a first alternating current frequency and a second alternating current frequency. The example delivers the modulated electrical power having the at least two different alternating current frequencies to multiple different electrical devices, including a first electrical device configured to utilize the first alternating current frequency and a second electrical device configured to utilize the second alternating current frequency. The modulated electricity can be delivered at least partly over an electrical line shared by the first electrical device and the second electrical device.

The power transmitter apparatus is provided with code modulators which modulate powers of phase components of three-phase alternating-current power to generate code-modulated waves, respectively, by code modulation using modulation codes based on code sequences different from each other, and transmits the code-modulated waves to the at least one power receiver apparatus via the transmission path. The power receiver apparatus is provided with code demodulators, each of which demodulates one code-modulated wave of the received code-modulated waves to generate code-demodulated power by code demodulation using a demodulation code based on a code sequence identical to the code sequence of the modulation code used for the code modulation of the one code-modulated wave, the code-demodulated power being generated as power of one of phase components of multiphase alternating-current power.

A power generation system includes a power source that is configured to communicate with at least one of a downstream load or a downstream device by changing a voltage on a power bus between the power source and the at least one of the downstream load or the downstream device, while power source provides power on the power bus to the at least one of the downstream load or the downstream device.

A method includes injecting a probe signal into a power system; receiving a measurement of an operational parameter of the power system responsive to injecting the probe signal into the power system; generating a transfer function model of the power system based on the measurement of the operational parameter of the power system and the probe signal; and updating at least one control parameter of a Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) communicatively coupled to the power system based on the transfer function model.

Systems and methods to send or receive redundant Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages are described. An intelligent electronic device may obtain power system data from a power system. The TED may publish the power system data in a first GOOSE message and publish the same power system data in a second GOOSE message. The second GOOSE message may have different header information than the first GOOSE message to allow the subscriber to determine that the redundant GOOSE messages are both received. If the first and second GOOSE message are duplicates with identical header information but unique trailer information methods allow the subscriber to determine that the duplicate GOOSE messages are both received.

A method for component voltage limitation, and an apparatus and a system for applying the same. At least one photovoltaic cell in a photovoltaic-cell string is controlled to operate in a voltage-limited mode, in response to receiving an instruction for enabling voltage limitation. Thereby, the voltage of the photovoltaic-cell string is reduced. A quantity of photovoltaic modules connected in series can be increased, while a highest voltage of the system is guaranteed not to exceed a corresponding requirement. A system cost is reduced. The photovoltaic cell operating in the voltage-limited mode is controlled to resume a normal output, in response to receiving the instruction for suspending voltage limitation. The output voltage of the photovoltaic-cell string is increased. Thereby, a rate of utilization on a direct voltage, and a PVIR of DC/AC are improved for the photovoltaic system.

A power analyser for analysing an electrical supply to a load, comprising: a processor; an analogue signal module interfaced with the processor, wherein the analogue signal module is configured to: make analogue signal measurements of the electrical supply, and provide raw analogue data corresponding to said measurements to the processor; and wherein the processor is configured to: access a model suitable for, or associated with, the electrical supply and/or the load, and generate a modified electrical supply estimate in accordance with the model and the raw analogue data.

An intelligent battery charge equalization and monitoring system may assist in the management of battery string health by detecting individual batteries within a string that may need servicing. The system may detect a battery within a string that is charged to a higher voltage than other batteries within the string and discharge the overcharged battery until the battery's charge is equalized with the other batteries in the string. The system may use metrics related to how often individual batteries within a string of batteries must be equalized and utilize these metrics to perform maintenance actions.