A battery pack is provided that includes battery cell magazines and a battery management system to control charging and discharging of the associated battery pack. The battery cell magazines may include a magazine housing and associated battery cells. The magazine housing may define a plurality of battery cell recesses to receive the battery cells. The battery management system may be configured to balance the state of charge of a battery stack of battery packs. Methods for balancing a state of charge of battery packs of a battery stack are also provided, as are systems for lifting a battery stack.

A method for determining whether a power system is encountering a malicious attack is provided. The method comprises: receiving a plurality of first phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurements from a plurality of PMUs of the power system; determining a plurality of expected PMU measurements associated with a future time period based on an optimization algorithm that uses differences between a plurality of consecutive predictive entries and the plurality of first PMU measurements; receiving, from the plurality of PMUs, a plurality of second PMU measurements associated with the future time period; determining whether the power system is encountering the malicious attack based on comparing the plurality of expected PMU measurements with the plurality of second PMU measurements; and executing an action based on whether the power system is encountering the malicious attack.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for flexible renewable energy power generation. The present disclosure also provides systems and methods for firming power generation from multiple renewable energy sources.

A system architecture and method for enabling hierarchical intelligent control with appropriate-speed communication and coordination of control using intelligent distributed impedance/voltage injection modules, local intelligence centers, other actuator devices and miscellaneous FACTS coupled actuator devices is disclosed. Information transfer to a supervisory utility control is enabled for responding to integral power system disturbances, system modelling and optimization. By extending the control and communication capability to the edge of the HV power grid, control of the distribution network through FACTS based Demand response units is also enabled. Hence an integrated and hierarchical total power system control is established with distributed impedance/voltage injection modules, local intelligence centers, connected other actuator devices, miscellaneous FACTS coupled devices and utility supervisory all networked at appropriate speeds allowing optimization of the total power system from generation to distribution.

An energy management system of the present invention can measure and integrate a power consumption amount of each device, can integrate and monitor regional total power consumption amounts, and allows energy to be effectively used by collecting, analyzing, storing and transmitting a use pattern and data through the Internet of Things (IoT) between devices and completely and automatically cutting off and controlling the power to be wasted in a device when the device is not used. The energy management system remotely controls devices and allows energy to be effectively managed through the minimization of power consumption by automatically and completely cutting off the power to be supplied to the devices when the devices are not used, and by cutting off the power to be supplied to the system when the power of all the devices connected to the system is cut off and when the system is in standby.

Provided is an power and communications network convergence system including wireless base stations, and DC grid groups, each grid group belonging to a cell. Each grid in the grid group has a DC line to which devices including a power generator and a power storage are connected, and performs, based on state information on each device, first control for reducing power fluctuations in the line. A first grid belonging to a cell performs, based on state information on each grid, second control for interchanging power with a second grid belonging to the cell. If a power situation of a first grid group belonging to a first cell and a power situation of a second grid group belonging to a second cell satisfy a preset condition, the first grid group performs third control for interchanging power with the second grid group.

A system includes a central analysis station and a display. The central analysis station may be configured to receive a unique identifier and performance data from each of a plurality of solar panels. The central analysis station may detect a problem in at least one of the plurality of solar panels based on the performance data. A display may be configured to display a status of the at least one of the plurality of solar panels based on the detected problem.

An example operation includes one or more of determining, by a transport at a first location, that the transport is not in use, determining, by the transport, a second location to transfer energy stored in the transport, maneuvering, by the transport, to the second location, discharging, by the transport, the stored energy to the second location, and maneuvering, by the transport, to the first location.

A method, an apparatus, and a system for monitoring an islanding electricity generation unit are provided. The method includes determining an islanding electricity generation unit in a renewable energy station on the basis of collected electrical capacity at critical electrical nodes of the renewable energy station, and controlling a switch device corresponding to the determined islanding electricity generation unit to sever connection between the electricity generation unit and a collector line. The critical electrical nodes include nodes that have a collecting effect on grid-connected current of the electricity generation units of the renewable energy station, and each collector line being constructed to collect grid-connected current from at least one electricity generation unit and input same into a main transformer of the renewable energy station.

Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer program products are disclosed for differential power generation. An example method includes receiving, by a control system, telemetry data from a set of devices in an electrical grid and calculating, by the control system, an electrical load for the electrical grid based on the telemetry data. The example method further includes generating, by the control system, a set of power production metrics, identifying, by the control system and based on the calculated electrical load for the electrical grid and the set of power production metrics, an optimal allocation of power production from multiple sources of electricity that supply the electrical grid, and causing, by the control system and based on the optimal allocation of power production from the multiple sources of electricity, adjustment to power production from one or more of the multiple sources of electricity. Corresponding apparatuses and computer program products are also disclosed.