A generator for generating energy is described. The generator includes a first shielding disk having alternating first disk regions of magnetic shielding and non-shielding. One or more conductive wires are located axially below the first shielding disk. Each conductive wire has one end that crosses through a first disk region of magnetic shielding. The generator also includes a first magnet located axially above the first shielding disk such that a first pole is of the first magnet is directed towards the first shielding disk and the conductive wire and a second magnet located axially above the first shielding disk such that a second pole is of the second magnet is directed towards the first shielding disk. The second pole is opposite the first pole of the first magnet. Methods of using the generator are also described.

A generator for generating energy is described. The generator includes a first shielding disk having alternating first disk regions of magnetic shielding and non-shielding. One or more conductive wires are located axially below the first shielding disk. Each conductive wire has one end that crosses through a first disk region of magnetic shielding. The generator also includes a first magnet located axially above the first shielding disk such that a first pole is of the first magnet is directed towards the first shielding disk and the conductive wire and a second magnet located axially above the first shielding disk such that a second pole is of the second magnet is directed towards the first shielding disk. The second pole is opposite the first pole of the first magnet. Methods of using the generator are also described.

The invention provides an assembly comprising a cryostat (6, 7, 8, 9) and a flat coil layer (3) of superconducting coils (2) for use with a magnetic levitation and/or acceleration motor system (1) of a lithographic apparatus. The cryostat comprises two insulation coverings (8, 9). The coil layer is arranged between the two coverings. The coverings each comprise an inner plate (10) configured to be cryocooled and an outer plate (11) parallel to the inner plate, and an insulation system with a vacuum layer (13) between the inner and outer plate. The insulation system of said covering comprises a layer of circular bodies (101), the central axes of these bodies extending perpendicular to the inner and outer plate, and is configured to provide a layer of point contacts between two layers of circular bodies or between a layer of circular bodies and the inner and/or outer plate.

The invention provides an assembly comprising a cryostat (6, 7, 8, 9) and a flat coil layer (3) of superconducting coils (2) for use with a magnetic levitation and/or acceleration motor system (1) of a lithographic apparatus. The cryostat comprises two insulation coverings (8, 9). The coil layer is arranged between the two coverings. The coverings each comprise an inner plate (10) configured to be cryocooled and an outer plate (11) parallel to the inner plate, and an insulation system with a vacuum layer (13) between the inner and outer plate. The insulation system of said covering comprises a layer of circular bodies (101), the central axes of these bodies extending perpendicular to the inner and outer plate, and is configured to provide a layer of point contacts between two layers of circular bodies or between a layer of circular bodies and the inner and/or outer plate.

The invention relates to an insulated conductor comprising an elongate conductor provided with an insulating layer which comprises a polymeric material. Said polymeric material has a crystallinity of at least 25% and includes a repeat unit of general formula

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wherein t1 and w1 independently represent 0 or 1 and v1 represents 0, 1 or 2. The insulating layer has a thickness in the range 2 μm-300 μm.

The invention relates to an insulated conductor comprising an elongate conductor provided with an insulating layer which comprises a polymeric material. Said polymeric material has a crystallinity of at least 25% and includes a repeat unit of general formula

##STR00001##

wherein t1 and w1 independently represent 0 or 1 and v1 represents 0, 1 or 2. The insulating layer has a thickness in the range 2 μm-300 μm.

An electric motor may comprise a rotor and a stator comprising rotor and stator teeth, respectively. A non-uniform angular spacing or grouping of rotor teeth may facilitate desired rotational speeds of the rotor.

An electric motor comprises a stator presenting a first surface. A rotor is rotatable relative to the stator. The rotor presents a rotor raceway disposed in spaced relationship with the first surface of the stator. The first surface of the stator defines a plurality of slots in spaced relationship with one another to define a plurality of spaced teeth between the slots. At least one electrical conductor is disposed in each of the slots and configured to selectively create a moving magnetic field for acting upon the rotor for providing rotational movement of the rotor. A portion of the at least one electrical conductor extends substantially into radial alignment with, or past the first surface of the stator to at least partially define a stator raceway of the stator for engaging the rotor raceway of the rotor during relative radial movement between the rotor and the stator.

The present invention relates to an electrical conductor (1) having an electrically conductive material (2) comprising graphene and/or carbon nanotubes and a joint (3, 4), wherein a metal coating (6) is provided on the electrically conductive material (2) of the electrical conductor (1) at the joint (3, 4) for integrally joining the electrical conductor (1) to a metal conductor element, the metal coating (6) being in direct contact with the electrically conductive material (2), characterized in that the metal coating (6) of the joint (3, 4) comprises a metal that forms carbides in a boundary layer of the coating (6) by reaction of the metal of the coating (6) with the carbon of the electrically conductive material (2).

Electrical, mechanical, computing, and/or other devices that include components formed of extremely low resistance (ELR) materials, including, but not limited to, modified ELR materials, layered ELR materials, and new ELR materials, are described.