System and method for transmitting and receiving. For example, the system includes a transmitter, one or more wires, and a receiver connected to the transmitter through the one or more wires. The transmitter is configured to generate a first current, and the receiver is configured to receive the first current. The receiver includes a coil, a Hall effect sensor, and a comparator, and the Hall effect sensor includes a first electrode and a second electrode. The coil is electrically isolated from the Hall effect sensor and configured to generate a magnetic field based at least in part on the first current flowing through the coil, and the Hall effect sensor is configured to sense the magnetic field and generate a first voltage at the first electrode and a second voltage at the second electrode. The comparator includes a first input terminal and a second input terminal.

System and method for transmitting and receiving. For example, the system includes a transmitter, one or more wires, and a receiver connected to the transmitter through the one or more wires. The transmitter is configured to generate a first current, and the receiver is configured to receive the first current. The receiver includes a coil, a Hall effect sensor, and a comparator, and the Hall effect sensor includes a first electrode and a second electrode. The coil is electrically isolated from the Hall effect sensor and configured to generate a magnetic field based at least in part on the first current flowing through the coil, and the Hall effect sensor is configured to sense the magnetic field and generate a first voltage at the first electrode and a second voltage at the second electrode. The comparator includes a first input terminal and a second input terminal.

A voltage regulator module includes a circuit board, a positive input terminal, a negative input terminal, a positive output terminal, a negative output terminal, a switching circuit, a magnetic element and an input capacitor. The switching circuit is disposed on a top surface of the circuit board, and comprises two switches connected in series to form a midpoint, wherein the switching circuit is connected to the positive input terminal. The magnetic element comprises a magnetic core and a conductive structure in the circuit board, wherein the magnetic element and the switching circuit are arranged on the circuit board along a first direction, the conductive structure is connected to the midpoint of the corresponding switching circuit and the positive output terminal. The input capacitor is connected to the positive input terminal and the negative input terminal, and disposed on a bottom surface of the circuit board.

A voltage regulator module includes a circuit board, a positive input terminal, a negative input terminal, a positive output terminal, a negative output terminal, a switching circuit, a magnetic element and an input capacitor. The switching circuit is disposed on a top surface of the circuit board, and comprises two switches connected in series to form a midpoint, wherein the switching circuit is connected to the positive input terminal. The magnetic element comprises a magnetic core and a conductive structure in the circuit board, wherein the magnetic element and the switching circuit are arranged on the circuit board along a first direction, the conductive structure is connected to the midpoint of the corresponding switching circuit and the positive output terminal. The input capacitor is connected to the positive input terminal and the negative input terminal, and disposed on a bottom surface of the circuit board.

Disclosed herein is a power control apparatus for sub-modules in an MMC, which controls stable supply of power to sub-modules in MMC connected to an HVDC system and a STATCOM. The power control apparatus includes at least one first resistor connected between P and N buses of MMC; a second resistor connected in series with the first resistor; a switch connected in series with the second resistor; a third resistor connected in parallel with the second resistor and the switch which are connected in series; a Zener diode connected in parallel with the third resistor; and a DC/DC converter connected between both ends of the Zener diode and configured to convert voltage across both ends of the Zener diode into low voltage, and supply the low voltage to the sub-modules, wherein a magnitude of current flowing through the Zener diode is controlled depending on ON/OFF switching of the switch.

Disclosed herein is a power control apparatus for sub-modules in an MMC, which controls stable supply of power to sub-modules in MMC connected to an HVDC system and a STATCOM. The power control apparatus includes at least one first resistor connected between P and N buses of MMC; a second resistor connected in series with the first resistor; a switch connected in series with the second resistor; a third resistor connected in parallel with the second resistor and the switch which are connected in series; a Zener diode connected in parallel with the third resistor; and a DC/DC converter connected between both ends of the Zener diode and configured to convert voltage across both ends of the Zener diode into low voltage, and supply the low voltage to the sub-modules, wherein a magnitude of current flowing through the Zener diode is controlled depending on ON/OFF switching of the switch.

An electrical power conversion unit is provided with: a circuit connecting part which includes a positive electrode conductor, a negative electrode conductor, and an alternating current conductor; a power semiconductor module connected to a specific side of the circuit connecting part; a fin that extends to the opposite side of the circuit connecting part with respect to the power semiconductor module; and a capacitor disposed at one end in the lengthwise direction of the circuit connecting part. A space in which a cooling fan is disposed is formed by an extending part and the fin, when the extending part is defined as a region, of the circuit connecting part, other than the portion at which the fin projects to the circuit connecting part, such region including one end that is opposite, via the fin, the one end where the capacitor is present.

An electrical power conversion unit is provided with: a circuit connecting part which includes a positive electrode conductor, a negative electrode conductor, and an alternating current conductor; a power semiconductor module connected to a specific side of the circuit connecting part; a fin that extends to the opposite side of the circuit connecting part with respect to the power semiconductor module; and a capacitor disposed at one end in the lengthwise direction of the circuit connecting part. A space in which a cooling fan is disposed is formed by an extending part and the fin, when the extending part is defined as a region, of the circuit connecting part, other than the portion at which the fin projects to the circuit connecting part, such region including one end that is opposite, via the fin, the one end where the capacitor is present.

A power semiconductor module includes at least one upper arm provided between a positive electrode line and a node and including a power semiconductor device and a freewheeling diode connected in parallel, at least one lower arm provided between a negative electrode line and the node and including a power semiconductor device and a freewheeling diode connected in parallel, and a snubber circuit provided between the positive electrode line and the negative electrode line. The snubber circuit includes a snubber capacitor and a snubber resistor connected in series. At least one control terminal outputs a voltage representing the temperature of the snubber resistor or a voltage related to the temperature of the snubber resistor to a driver that drives the power semiconductor device.

A power semiconductor module includes at least one upper arm provided between a positive electrode line and a node and including a power semiconductor device and a freewheeling diode connected in parallel, at least one lower arm provided between a negative electrode line and the node and including a power semiconductor device and a freewheeling diode connected in parallel, and a snubber circuit provided between the positive electrode line and the negative electrode line. The snubber circuit includes a snubber capacitor and a snubber resistor connected in series. At least one control terminal outputs a voltage representing the temperature of the snubber resistor or a voltage related to the temperature of the snubber resistor to a driver that drives the power semiconductor device.