There is described a terahertz modulation system. The terahertz modulation system generally has a terahertz signal emitter emitting a terahertz signal along a path; a modulation unit having a substrate and an electromechanical transducer actuatably mounted to said substrate, said electromechanical transducer having a terahertz interacting surface in said path receiving said terahertz signal and moving in back-and-forth sequences between first and second positions relative to said path upon actuation with a modulation signal, said moving modulating at least a portion of said terahertz signal; and a terahertz signal detector downstream from said modulation unit along said path, said terahertz signal detector synchronously measuring said modulated portion of said terahertz signal using said modulation signal, and generating a differential signal indicative thereof.

Disclosed are various embodiments of a terahertz wave modulator. The wave modulator can include one or more layers of piezoelectric/ferroelectric single crystal or polycrystalline material. The crystalline material can be configured to resonate when a low-energy external excitation is applied. An incident terahertz waveform can be dynamically controlled when the incident terahertz waveform interacts with the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material while the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material is resonating. The dynamic control of the incident terahertz waveform can be with respect to at least one of a phase shift and an amplitude modulation of the waveform.

Disclosed are various embodiments of a terahertz wave modulator. The wave modulator can include one or more layers of piezoelectric/ferroelectric single crystal or polycrystalline material. The crystalline material can be configured to resonate when a low-energy external excitation is applied. An incident terahertz waveform can be dynamically controlled when the incident terahertz waveform interacts with the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material while the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material is resonating. The dynamic control of the incident terahertz waveform can be with respect to at least one of a phase shift and an amplitude modulation of the waveform.

Disclosed are various embodiments of a terahertz wave modulator. The wave modulator can include one or more layers of piezoelectric/ferroelectric single crystal or polycrystalline material. The crystalline material can be configured to resonate when a low-energy external excitation is applied. An incident terahertz waveform can be dynamically controlled when the incident terahertz waveform interacts with the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material while the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material is resonating. The dynamic control of the incident terahertz waveform can be with respect to at least one of a phase shift and an amplitude modulation of the waveform.

Disclosed are various embodiments of a terahertz wave modulator. The wave modulator can include one or more layers of piezoelectric/ferroelectric single crystal or polycrystalline material. The crystalline material can be configured to resonate when a low-energy external excitation is applied. An incident terahertz waveform can be dynamically controlled when the incident terahertz waveform interacts with the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material while the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material is resonating. The dynamic control of the incident terahertz waveform can be with respect to at least one of a phase shift and an amplitude modulation of the waveform.

Disclosed are various embodiments of a terahertz wave modulator. The wave modulator can include one or more layers of piezoelectric/ferroelectric single crystal or polycrystalline material. The crystalline material can be configured to resonate when a low-energy external excitation is applied. An incident terahertz waveform can be dynamically controlled when the incident terahertz waveform interacts with the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material while the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material is resonating. The dynamic control of the incident terahertz waveform can be with respect to at least one of a phase shift and an amplitude modulation of the waveform.

Disclosed are various embodiments of a terahertz wave modulator. The wave modulator can include one or more layers of piezoelectric/ferroelectric single crystal or polycrystalline material. The crystalline material can be configured to resonate when a low-energy external excitation is applied. An incident terahertz waveform can be dynamically controlled when the incident terahertz waveform interacts with the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material while the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material is resonating. The dynamic control of the incident terahertz waveform can be with respect to at least one of a phase shift and an amplitude modulation of the waveform.

A communication apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes a printed circuit board having a thickness that complies with an intrinsic safety physical separation specification. A first pair of capacitive plates are disposed on opposite sides of the printed circuit board and are arranged to form a first capacitor having an insulating layer of the printed circuit board forming a dielectric material for the first capacitor. A second pair of capacitive plates are disposed on opposite sides of the printed circuit board and are arranged to form a second capacitor having the insulating layer of the printed circuit board forming a dielectric material for the second capacitor. A modulator is coupled to the first and second capacitors and is configured to receive an input signal having an input signal frequency and to provide a modulated signal having a frequency that is higher than the input signal. A demodulator is coupled to the first and second capacitors and configured to detect the modulated signal and provide a demodulated signal having the input signal frequency.

A communication apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes a printed circuit board having a thickness that complies with an intrinsic safety physical separation specification. A first pair of capacitive plates are disposed on opposite sides of the printed circuit board and are arranged to form a first capacitor having an insulating layer of the printed circuit board forming a dielectric material for the first capacitor. A second pair of capacitive plates are disposed on opposite sides of the printed circuit board and are arranged to form a second capacitor having the insulating layer of the printed circuit board forming a dielectric material for the second capacitor. A modulator is coupled to the first and second capacitors and is configured to receive an input signal having an input signal frequency and to provide a modulated signal having a frequency that is higher than the input signal. A demodulator is coupled to the first and second capacitors and configured to detect the modulated signal and provide a demodulated signal having the input signal frequency.

Disclosed are various embodiments of a terahertz wave modulator. The wave modulator can include one or more layers of piezoelectric/ferroelectric single crystal or polycrystalline material. The crystalline material can be configured to resonate when a low-energy external excitation is applied. An incident terahertz waveform can be dynamically controlled when the incident terahertz waveform interacts with the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material while the at least one layer of piezoelectric crystalline material is resonating. The dynamic control of the incident terahertz waveform can be with respect to at least one of a phase shift and an amplitude modulation of the waveform.