Memory units are accessed using address bits. The address bits used to access memory units can have various formats. The address bits to access successive locations that are to be sequentially accessed can have a reduced Hamming distance binary code format to reduce a quantity of toggling to switch from one set of address bits to another set of address bits.

The present disclosure relates to novel and advantageous systems and methods of processing and managing data in critical or large-scale systems, such as airliner, automobile, space station, power plant, and healthcare systems. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to a rules-driven data and control method mapped onto complementary physical architecture for a more reliable operational system. By maintaining an algebraic encoding of control and application data at fine granularities, whether static or in transit, it is possible to detect, isolate, and correct many errors that would otherwise go undetected. This more dynamic and precise method addresses cases where deteriorating conditions or cataclysmic events affect much of the system simultaneously, including the control system itself.

The present disclosure relates to novel and advantageous systems and methods of processing and managing data in critical or large-scale systems, such as airliner, automobile, space station, power plant, and healthcare systems. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to a rules-driven data and control method mapped onto complementary physical architecture for a more reliable operational system. By maintaining an algebraic encoding of control and application data at fine granularities, whether static or in transit, it is possible to detect, isolate, and correct many errors that would otherwise go undetected. This more dynamic and precise method addresses cases where deteriorating conditions or cataclysmic events affect much of the system simultaneously, including the control system itself.

The present disclosure relates to novel and advantageous systems and methods of processing and managing data in critical or large-scale systems, such as airliner, automobile, space station, power plant, and healthcare systems. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to a rules-driven data and control method mapped onto complementary physical architecture for a more reliable operational system. By maintaining an algebraic encoding of control and application data at fine granularities, whether static or in transit, it is possible to detect, isolate, and correct many errors that would otherwise go undetected. This more dynamic and precise method addresses cases where deteriorating conditions or cataclysmic events affect much of the system simultaneously, including the control system itself.

In an advanced adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme, the code rate and the parity-check matrix (PCM) for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are adapted according to modulation formats and variable-iteration receivers. The degree distribution for the PCM adaptation is designed by heuristic optimization to minimize the required SNR via an extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) trajectory analysis for finite-iteration decoding. The method uses dynamic window decoding by generating spatially coupled PCM for quasi-cyclic LDPC convolutional coding. The method also provides a way to jointly optimize labeling and decoding complexity for high-order and high-dimensional modulations.