Method for sending first data as quantum information in qubits (Iφ>) and classical second data (S.sub.i) over a quantum channel (12; 12a; 12b), in particular in quantum information communication systems (10; 10a; 10b), which includes applying QECC encoding (111) to said qubits ((Iφ>) obtaining quantum information codewords (Iψ>), wherein said method (200; 300) includes applying (210) intentional errors (P.sub.i) with error syndromes (S.sub.i) representing said second classical data to said quantum information code-words ((Iψ>) obtaining quantum information codewords with intentional errors (P.sub.1) applied upon (P.sub.iIψ.sub.i>), and transmitting (220) from a transmitting side (11; 11a; 11b) said quantum information codewords with intentional errors applied upon (P.sub.iIψ.sub.i>) over said quantum channel (12; 12a) which outputs received codewords (P.sub.iIψ.sub.i>;E.sub.iP.sub.iIψ.sub.i>) at a receiving side (13; 13b), computing (230; 330) error syndromes (S.sub.i,R.sub.i) from said received codewords (P.sub.iIψ.sub.i>;E.sub.iP.sub.iIψ.sub.i>), performing a QECC error correction operation (250; 350) on said received codewords (P.sub.iIψ.sub.i>;E.sub.iP.sub.iIψ.sub.i>) by applying a correction operator (P.sub.i.sup.+; P.sub.i.sup.+E.sub.i.sup.+) obtained at least by said computed syndromes (S.sub.i; R.sub.i) to obtain corrected codewords (Iψ.sub.i>), outputting (260; 360) said corrected codewords (Iψ.sub.i>) and said computed syndromes (S.sub.i).

A quantum device includes a syndrome measurement circuit that implements an correction code using a plurality of Majorana qubit islands. The syndrome measurement circuit is adapted to effect a syndrome measurement by performing a sequence of measurement-only operations, where each one of the measurement-only operations involves at most two of the Majorana qubit islands.

The technology relates to an encoding device, an encoding method, a decoding device, a decoding method, and a program enabling encoding with favorable transmission efficiency with a controlled running disparity.

A calculation section divides inputted data into N or M bits to calculate a first running disparity of an N or M bit data string. A determination section determines whether the data string is inverted based on the first running disparity calculated by the calculation section and a second running disparity calculated therebefore. An addition section inverts or non-inverts the data string based on a determination result by the determination section to add a flag indicating the determination result for outputting. The determination section determines not to perform inversion when the data string is a control code. The addition section adds the flag assigned to the control code. The technology is applicable to a device communicating in an SLVS-EC specification.

The disclosure discloses an algebraic decoding method and a decoder for a (n, n(n−1), n−1) permutation group code in a communication modulation system. The basic principle of the decoding method is: assuming that two code elements p(r.sub.1)=s.sub.1 and p(r.sub.2)=s.sub.2 can be correctly detected in a received real vector with a length of n, including their element values s.sub.1, s.sub.2 and position indices r.sub.1, r.sub.2 in the vector, an intermediate parameter w is determined by solving an equation (r.sub.1−r.sub.2)w=(s.sub.1−s.sub.2)(mod n); and each code element is calculated by w according to p(i)=(s.sub.1+(n−r.sub.1+i)w)(mod n), i=1, 2, . . . , n. The decoder is mainly composed of multiple n-dimensional registers, a w calculator, n code element calculators, and a code element buffer. In the disclosure, in a case where a receiver only correctly detects two code elements in a transmitted codeword with a length of n, the codeword can be correctly decoded by using the received information of the two code elements.

An error correction device includes a first correction unit which performs error correction decoding of data by a repetitive operation, having a full operation state in which the error correction decoding is repeated until convergence is obtained and a save operation state in which the number of times of the repetitive operation is restricted to a predetermined number. An error information estimation unit estimates an input error rate or an output error rate of the first correction unit using a decoding result of the first correction unit, and a control unit which controls transition between the full operation state and the save operation state based on at least one piece of information of the input error rate, the output error rate, and an operation time of the first correction unit. It is thus possible to provide an error correction device that can improve a transmission characteristic while suppressing power consumption.

An error correction device includes a first correction unit which performs error correction decoding of data by a repetitive operation, having a full operation state in which the error correction decoding is repeated until convergence is obtained and a save operation state in which the number of times of the repetitive operation is restricted to a predetermined number. An error information estimation unit estimates an input error rate or an output error rate of the first correction unit using a decoding result of the first correction unit, and a control unit which controls transition between the full operation state and the save operation state based on at least one piece of information of the input error rate, the output error rate, and an operation time of the first correction unit. It is thus possible to provide an error correction device that can improve a transmission characteristic while suppressing power consumption.

A memory device includes a memory array and a memory controller. The memory array includes a first memory bank, a second memory bank, and a third memory bank. The first memory bank includes a first sub memory bank. The second memory bank includes a second sub memory bank. The memory controller, according to a write command from a host, writes first data from the host to the first memory bank and second data to the second memory bank at the same time, and writes a first Hamming weight of the first data to the third memory bank. The second data is the inverse of the first data.

Systems and techniques described herein include jointly decoding coded data of different codes, including different coding algorithms, finite fields, and/or source blocks sizes. The techniques described herein can be used to improve existing distributed storage systems by allowing gradual data migration. The techniques can further be used within existing storage clients to allow application data to be stored within diverse different distributed storage systems.

Systems and techniques described herein include jointly decoding coded data of different codes, including different coding algorithms, finite fields, and/or source blocks sizes. The techniques described herein can be used to improve existing distributed storage systems by allowing gradual data migration. The techniques can further be used within existing storage clients to allow application data to be stored within diverse different distributed storage systems.

This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to over-puncture mitigation. A device may generate a frame comprising a payload having a payload size associated with a number of bits. The device may determine a low-density parity-check (LDPC) codeword size based on the payload size. The device may calculate a number of codewords based on the payload size. The device may calculate a number of shortening bits and a number of LDPC padding bits based on the number of codewords. The device may calculate a number of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols for containing the number of codewords. The device may cause to send the frame with the number of OFDM symbols to a station device.