The present disclosure provides a method for long range communication through underwater and underground environments by converting encoded message data into spherical coordinates and rotating a magnet about axes of rotation corresponding to those spherical coordinates at a transmitter. A receiver configured to detect the magnetic dipole field of the generated electromagnetic wave can thus determine the orientation of the magnetic dipole, deduce the spherical coordinates, and decipher the encoded data. A system comprising a mechanical antenna transmitter and receiver with a magnetic field sensor arrangement for carrying out the method is also provided.

There is disclosed herein a circuitry system comprising first and second IC chips, configured or configurable such that; the first IC chip has an output terminal connected to receive an output signal from an output-signal unit of the first IC chip, the output-signal unit being connected between high and low voltage-reference sources of the first IC chip, the high and low voltage-reference sources being connected to respective high and low voltage-reference terminals of the first IC chip; and the second IC chip has an input terminal connected in a potential-divider arrangement between high and low voltage-reference terminals of the second IC chip, wherein: the high and low voltage-reference terminals of the first IC chip are respectively connected to the high and low voltage-reference terminals of the second IC chip; and the output terminal of the first IC chip is connected to the input terminal of the second IC chip.

In an encore nuclear instrumentation system which is equipped with a movable type neutron detector, an object of the invention is to control measurement errors due to the degradation of the system. The incore nuclear instrumentation system includes a neutron detector which is to be installed in a nuclear reactor stored in a containment vessel, and an instrumentation unit which has a current detector circuit and is to be installed on the outside of the containment vessel. An output signal of the neutron detector is inputted into the current detector circuit, and the instrumentation unit remembers a matrix which shows a relation among a reactor power of the nuclear reactor, a gain of the current detector circuit, and an output voltage Vn of the current detector circuit, and the calibration of the current detector circuit is performed with reference to the matrix.

An apparatus includes a transmitter circuit coupled to a termination resistor. The transmitter circuit generates a number of link pulses. A driver circuit is coupled to the transmitter circuit to control a dynamic range of the link pulses. A transformer couples the termination resistor via a transmission medium to a far-end transceiver. The driver circuit controls the dynamic range of the link pulses by providing complementary digital input signals to the transmitter circuit, and the complementary digital input signals include ramp sections.

There is disclosed herein a circuitry system comprising first and second IC chips, configured or configurable such that; the first IC chip has an output terminal connected to receive an output signal from an output-signal unit of the first IC chip, the output-signal unit being connected between high and low voltage-reference sources of the first IC chip, the high and low voltage-reference sources being connected to respective high and low voltage-reference terminals of the first IC chip; and the second IC chip has an input terminal connected in a potential-divider arrangement between high and low voltage-reference terminals of the second IC chip, wherein: the high and low voltage-reference terminals of the first IC chip are respectively connected to the high and low voltage-reference terminals of the second IC chip; and the output terminal of the first IC chip is connected to the input terminal of the second IC chip.

In an incore nuclear instrumentation system which is equipped with a movable type neutron detector, an object of the invention is to control measurement errors due to the degradation of the system. The incore nuclear instrumentation system includes a neutron detector which is to be installed in a nuclear reactor stored in a containment vessel, and an instrumentation unit which has a current detector circuit and is to be installed on the outside of the containment vessel. An output signal of the neutron detector is inputted into the current detector circuit, and the instrumentation unit remembers a matrix which shows a relation among a reactor power of the nuclear reactor, a gain of the current detector circuit, and an output voltage Vn of the current detector circuit, and the calibration of the current detector circuit is performed with reference to the matrix.