A translation device, a test system, and a memory system are provided. The translation device includes plural first input/output (I/O) circuits that respectively transmit and receive first signals through plural pins based on a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)-M mode, a second I/O circuit that transmits and receives a second signal through one or more pins based on a PAM-N mode, and a translation circuit that translates the first signals into the second signal and translates the second signal into the first signals. M and N are different integers of 2 or more.

A translation device, a test system, and a memory system are provided. The translation device includes plural first input/output (I/O) circuits that respectively transmit and receive first signals through plural pins based on a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)-M mode, a second I/O circuit that transmits and receives a second signal through one or more pins based on a PAM-N mode, and a translation circuit that translates the first signals into the second signal and translates the second signal into the first signals. M and N are different integers of 2 or more.

The present invention relates to an input/output signal synchronization method by a radio frequency unit. The input/output signal synchronization method according to the present invention comprises the steps of: generating a transmitter (Tx) input signal by adding, to a baseband signal, a test signal located at a frequency out of an operation frequency range of the radio frequency unit; collecting the Tx input signal and a Tx output signal obtained by outputting the input signal through a Tx function block; and synchronizing the Tx input signal and the Tx output signals, based on a result obtained by the collecting.

In an embodiment, an apparatus includes a transmit section including a first baseband section and a first radio frequency (RF) section, wherein the transmit section is configured to receive a calibration signal, the first RF section is configured to generate a RF calibration signal based on modulating the calibration signal. The calibration signal comprises an orthogonal code based signal; and a receive section configured to receive the RF calibration signal over-the-air, the receive section includes a second RF section and a calibration section, the second RF section is configured to generate a received calibration signal based on the RF calibration signal, the received calibration signal and a reference signal associated with the RF calibration signal comprise inputs to the calibration section and the calibration section is configured to determine one or more of gain, baseband delay, or RF delay compensation values, based on the inputs, to calibrate the transmit section.

In an embodiment, an apparatus includes a transmit section including a first baseband section and a first radio frequency (RF) section, wherein the transmit section is configured to receive a calibration signal, the first RF section is configured to generate a RF calibration signal based on modulating the calibration signal. The calibration signal comprises an orthogonal code based signal; and a receive section configured to receive the RF calibration signal over-the-air, the receive section includes a second RF section and a calibration section, the second RF section is configured to generate a received calibration signal based on the RF calibration signal, the received calibration signal and a reference signal associated with the RF calibration signal comprise inputs to the calibration section and the calibration section is configured to determine one or more of gain, baseband delay, or RF delay compensation values, based on the inputs, to calibrate the transmit section.

In an embodiment, a communications system includes a first transmitter including a digital beamforming baseband section configured to receive an input signal to be transmitted, the input signal at a baseband frequency, and a modulation section electrically coupled to the digital beamforming baseband section and a first antenna of a phased array antenna. The modulation section is configured to receive a local oscillator signal at a first local oscillator frequency and apply a baseband frequency shift to the input signal to generate a baseband frequency shifted input signal. The modulation section generates a modulated signal based on the input signal. The communication system includes a second transmitter included in a second IC chip of the plurality of IC chips electrically coupled to a second antenna and configured to provide a second modulated signal at the carrier frequency and a second LO leakage signal at a second local oscillator frequency.

In an embodiment, a communications system includes a first transmitter including a digital beamforming baseband section configured to receive an input signal to be transmitted, the input signal at a baseband frequency, and a modulation section electrically coupled to the digital beamforming baseband section and a first antenna of a phased array antenna. The modulation section is configured to receive a local oscillator signal at a first local oscillator frequency and apply a baseband frequency shift to the input signal to generate a baseband frequency shifted input signal. The modulation section generates a modulated signal based on the input signal. The communication system includes a second transmitter included in a second IC chip of the plurality of IC chips electrically coupled to a second antenna and configured to provide a second modulated signal at the carrier frequency and a second LO leakage signal at a second local oscillator frequency.

A system and method for real-time in-situ calibration of an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) utilizes an S-parameter matrix-based EM transfer function between an end fire, unobtrusive, near field probe radiating element to minimize AESA look angle blockage. A sniffer probe is integrated in the AESA aperture of mechanical mounting frame or embedded with the AESA aperture structure. Hadamard orthogonal coding is utilized to simultaneously energize AESA elements.

A system and method for real-time in-situ calibration of an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) utilizes an S-parameter matrix-based EM transfer function between an end fire, unobtrusive, near field probe radiating element to minimize AESA look angle blockage. A sniffer probe is integrated in the AESA aperture of mechanical mounting frame or embedded with the AESA aperture structure. Hadamard orthogonal coding is utilized to simultaneously energize AESA elements.

A configuration for a wireless device to perform iterations of SIM to detect clutter echo in order to improve a configuration for SIM. The apparatus performs a SIM for multiple beam pairs based on a first transmission power. The apparatus performs an iteration of the SIM for one or more beam pairs that meet a criteria. The iteration of the SIM is based on a second transmission power. The second transmission power is greater than the first transmission power.