A wireless device receives access network information indicating an access network type. Based on the access network type, a non-access stratum (NAS) period is selected among: a first value associated with a geostationary earth orbit (GEO) non-terrestrial network (NTN) access network type; and a second value associated with a low earth orbit (LEO) NTN access network type. A NAS procedure is initiated by sending a NAS request message. A start of the NAS period is based on the sending. The NAS procedure is aborted based on an expiry of the NAS period.

The present application relates to devices and components including apparatus, systems, and methods for ephemeris signaling in wireless networks.

Provided is a satellite network communication method. The method includes: establishing for a user equipment a satellite network communication channel between a proxy service apparatus on an end station side and a proxy service apparatus on a master station side; intercepting a resource access request sent by the UE; and when a target resource corresponding to the resource access request does not locally exist, acquiring the target resource through the satellite network communication channel and sending the target resource to the user equipment. Further provided are a proxy service apparatus and a gateway.

According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method comprising: receiving, from a network node, before entering a power saving state, an indication of a dependency between frequencies and time instances; identifying at least one frequency based on the indicated dependency and a moment of time; and selecting a cell utilizing the identified at least one frequency.

A satellite is provided, including an onboard computing device. The onboard computing device may include a processor configured to receive training data while the satellite is in orbit. The processor may be further configured to perform training at a machine learning model based at least in part on the training data. The processor may be further configured to generate model update data that specifies a modification made to the machine learning model during the training. The processor may be further configured to transmit the model update data from the satellite to an additional computing device.

A user terminal and a method of using the user terminal disclosed. The method may comprise: storing, at a user terminal (UT), a dataset that comprises a plurality of elements, wherein each of the plurality of elements is associated with a unique predetermined terrestrial location; using the dataset, determining an element (E.sub.k) from among the plurality of elements based on a proximity of the UT to the respective unique, predetermined terrestrial location of the element (E.sub.k); and then determining one of the plurality of satellite beams with which to utilize satellite communication.

A satellite receiver for wireless signals having carrier frequencies in the V or the W band of frequencies is described. The satellite receiver may receive the wireless signals at high elevation angles, such as greater than 62° . This high elevation angle may reduce losses, which may allow the satellite receiver to communicate at a data rate of at least 50 Mbps. In order to accommodate these system requirements, the one or more satellites that provide the wireless signals may have eccentric geosynchronous or near-geosynchronous orbits that are inclined relative to an equatorial plane of the Earth, such as an eccentricity between 0.12 and 0.3. Moreover, the one or more satellites may have ground tracks substantially along one or more continents, and may be in view of dense population regions in the one or more continents with a higher frequency than low-density population regions in the one or more continents.

A satellite receiver with a switchable array of antenna elements for receiving wireless signals from at least a satellite is described. The antenna elements may be dynamically selected based at least in part on a location and motion of the satellite receiver, and a location and a motion of at least the satellite that provides wireless signals. Moreover, the antenna elements may also be dynamically selected based at least in part on utilization and/or availability of a terrestrial wireless communication network that communicates with the satellite receiver. The satellite receiver may predict availability of communication with at least the satellite. Furthermore, the array of antenna elements may provide improved power efficiency, pointing accuracy and/or isotropic gain relative to an array of antenna elements without switched antenna elements, such as for carrier frequencies in the V or the W band of frequencies.

A control method and a control device in a heterogeneous three-dimensional hierarchical network, and a communication system are provided. The control method includes: obtaining a coverage mode of a terminal; when the coverage mode is single-layered sub-network coverage, setting a non-ground mobile communication sub-network or a ground mobile communication sub-network corresponding to the single-layered sub-network coverage to be in a standalone operating mode or an intra-layer carrier aggregation mode; and when the coverage mode is multi-layered sub-network coverage, setting the non-ground mobile communication sub-network corresponding to the multi-layered sub-network coverage, or the ground mobile communication sub-network and the non-ground mobile communication sub-network corresponding to the multi-layered sub-network coverage, to be in a cross-layer carrier aggregation mode. The ground mobile communication sub-network and the non-ground mobile communication sub-network use a same or unified radio access technology.

A method and system for operating an ad hoc communication network under suboptimal commercial global navigation satellite system (GNSS) conditions and a loss of a base station communication link is disclosed. The method includes configuring the ad hoc communication network to operation in in-band or out-of-band mode, allowing device-to-device D2D communication. The method further includes configuring the ad hoc communication system to operate in overlay mode, sharing communication resources between network-controlled resources and D2D resources. The method further includes configuring the D2D resources with a base station precedent to the loss of the base station communication link and enabling the ad hoc communication network to operate in frequency hopping mode. The method further includes disabling physical sidelink control channel synchronization and/or resource management within the ad hoc communication network. In some embodiments of the method, and configuring the ad hoc communication network to include at least one nonstandard-GNSS time-synchronization method.