A user equipment (UE) may be configured to receive a signal in a time slot, wherein the signal includes a first reference signal, a second reference signal and data scrambled using a data scrambling sequence. Further, the first reference signal and the second reference signal are not scrambled using the data scrambling sequence. The second reference signal having a code sequence being a non-zero power of two in length and is time multiplexed with the data. The UE recovers the data of the received signal using the first or second reference signal.

In future radio communication systems, uplink control channels will be transmitted properly. A user terminal has a receiving section that receives frequency hopping information, which indicates whether frequency hopping for an uplink control channel in one slot is enabled or not, and receives information that indicates the number of slots for the uplink control channel, and a control section that, when the number of slots is greater than one, controls repetition transmission of the uplink control channel, over a plurality of slots, by applying at least one of a spreading factor of a time-domain orthogonal cover code, a configuration of a demodulation reference code, and a base sequence, to the uplink control channel, based on the frequency hopping information.

A wireless device is configured to produce a signal in a time slot, the signal having a first portion and a second portion. Wherein, the first portion being a first in time in the time slot and the second portion being last in time in the time slot. Further, the first portion having data and a multiplexed first pilot and the second portion having a pilot sequence and a cyclic prefix. The wireless device transmits the produced signal in the time slot.

Aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for variable spreading factor codes for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In an exemplary method, a base station assigns, from a first codebook of N short code sequences of length K, a subset of the short code sequences to a number of user equipments (UEs); receives a signal including uplink data or control signals from two or more of the UEs, wherein a first uplink data or control signal is sent using a first subsequence of one of the assigned short code sequences, and a second uplink data or control signal is sent using a second subsequence of one of the assigned short code sequences or using one of the assigned short code sequences; and decodes each uplink data or control signal in the signal based on the assigned short code sequences and subsequences of the assigned the short code sequences.

Aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for variable spreading factor codes for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In an exemplary method, a base station assigns, from a first codebook of N short code sequences of length K, a subset of the short code sequences to a number of user equipments (UEs); receives a signal including uplink data or control signals from two or more of the UEs, wherein a first uplink data or control signal is sent using a first subsequence of one of the assigned short code sequences, and a second uplink data or control signal is sent using a second subsequence of one of the assigned short code sequences or using one of the assigned short code sequences; and decodes each uplink data or control signal in the signal based on the assigned short code sequences and subsequences of the assigned the short code sequences.

A user equipment (UE) may be configured to receive a signal in a time slot, wherein the signal includes a first reference signal, a second reference signal and data scrambled using a data scrambling sequence. Further, the first reference signal and the second reference signal are not scrambled using the data scrambling sequence. The second reference signal having a code sequence being a non-zero power of two in length and is time multiplexed with the data. The UE recovers the data of the received signal using the first or second reference signal.

Mechanisms for controlling total average transmission power of a radio base station over a fixed time period. A method is performed by a control device. The method comprises obtaining values of average total transmission power of at least one previous transmission from the radio base station. The method comprises determining a resource factor value from the value of average total transmission power and a setpoint value of the average total transmission power. The method comprises determining, based on the resource factor value, an action that restricts the amount of code-division multiple access (CDMA) resources to be used at least for a current transmission. The method comprises controlling the total average transmission power over the fixed time period by initiating the determined action at least for the current transmission.

A system is disclosed for providing low data rate broadcast services. Different types of broadcast packets are detected among data packets received an external network. The different types broadcast packets contain different a different broadcast content. When a particular type of broadcast packet is detected, a transmit data rate is selected and Walsh codes are assigned for achieving the transmit data rate. Data packets corresponding to the broadcast packets are compressed, and at least one RLC block containing the compressed data packets is created. The RLC blocks are transmitted from a satellite using the assigned Walsh codes.

Mechanisms for controlling total average transmission power of a radio base station over a fixed time period. A method is performed by a control device. The method comprises obtaining values of average total transmission power of at least one previous transmission from the radio base station. The method comprises determining a resource factor value from the value of average total transmission power and a setpoint value of the average total transmission power. The method comprises determining, based on the resource factor value, an action that restricts the amount of code-division multiple access (CDMA) resources to be used at least for a current transmission. The method comprises controlling the total average transmission power over the fixed time period by initiating the determined action at least for the current transmission.

A spreading sequence is determined (S301) based on a candidate of a control channel of a control resource set, the candidate comprising a sequence of control information. The sequence of control information and the determined spreading sequence are multiplied (S303), thereby obtaining a spread series of control information.