This application provides a packet transmission method, apparatus, and system, and relates to the field of network technologies. The method is applied to a network architecture including a user terminal, a first forwarding device and a second forwarding device. A tunnel is disposed between the first forwarding device and the second forwarding device. The method includes: The first forwarding device receives packets forwarded by the user terminal in the load balancing mode, where the packets include a keepalive packet, and the first forwarding device is a standby forwarding device corresponding to the user terminal. The first forwarding device forwards the keepalive packet to the second forwarding device through the tunnel, where the second forwarding device is an active forwarding device corresponding to the user terminal.

Systems, methods, and devices for providing a user equipment (UE) device that is associated with a private network service (PrNS) and communicatively attached a public WiFi network in a remote market being serviced by a different headend than the UE device's home network with public or private network services.

Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.

Some embodiments of the present invention comprise a method, system, and/or computer program product for a publish/subscribe messaging system. A processor identifies a subscriber of a pub/sub messaging system. The processor retrieves a stored encrypted key for the identified subscriber of the pub/sub messaging system. The processor communicates the retrieved encrypted key to a user selected from a group comprising a publisher of the pub/sub messaging system and the identified subscriber of the pub/sub messaging system. The processor implements end-to-end encryption of messages of the pub/sub messaging system based on key-groups.

The present systems and methods enable Internet service providers and managed service providers to deploy a segmented network for multiple subscribers on a shared active Ethernet distribution medium, where each subscriber can be associated with one or more unique public IP addresses, and each subscriber also has control of their own gateway configuration. The system leverages the per-subscriber dynamic 802.1q VLAN approach enforced through compatible wireless and wireline distribution equipment in combination with optional multiple PSK zero-touch LAN onboarding and public IP WAN address assignment mechanisms, along with an onboard multi-tenant subscriber portal. The result is a network architecture that incorporates per-subscriber segmentation and security features, while simultaneously providing centralized radio resource management, property-wide roaming, instantaneous onboarding, and the like.

This application provides a communication method, a UP device, and a CP device, and pertains to the field of communications technologies. In the method, the UP device reports interface information to the CP device by using PFCP. Specifically, the UP device carries the interface information in a PFCP message, and transmits the PFCP message to the CP device. The CP device can obtain the interface information of the UP device from the PFCP message, which ensures that the CP device can sense the interface information of the UP device.

A network device includes one or more memories and one or more processor circuits coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processor circuits are configured to cause providing for transmission a request directed to a network controller to change a power state of the network device, receiving a grant from the network controller in response to the request, and changing the power state of the network device in response to receiving the grant. The power state of the network device includes a running power state and a standby power state, where the standby power state includes an active mode and an idle mode. A network controller for granting a request from the network device to change a power state of the network device is also disclosed.

Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a session management method and an apparatus. The technology is specifically related to sending, by user equipment, a NAS message to an AGF, where the NAS message includes a PDU session establishment request message used to request to establish a PDU session, receiving, by the user equipment, a PDU session establishment accept message returned by a network side device, and establishing, by the user equipment, an access session with the AGF, where the access session is an access session related to the PDU session. The user equipment sends the NAS message to establish the PDU session, and establishes the access session with the AGF. Because the access session is related to the PDU session, the user equipment can map the PDU session to the access session, so that the user equipment accesses a 5G CN through a fixed network.

This application provides a packet transmission method, apparatus, and system, and relates to the field of network technologies. The method is applied to a network architecture including a user terminal, a first forwarding device and a second forwarding device. A tunnel is disposed between the first forwarding device and the second forwarding device. The method includes: The first forwarding device receives packets forwarded by the user terminal in the load balancing mode, where the packets include a keepalive packet, and the first forwarding device is a standby forwarding device corresponding to the user terminal. The first forwarding device forwards the keepalive packet to the second forwarding device through the tunnel, where the second forwarding device is an active forwarding device corresponding to the user terminal.

A method includes identifying within a network topology, by an apparatus, a plurality of network devices; and establishing by the apparatus, a multiple tree topology comprising a first multicast tree and a second multicast tree, the first and second multicast trees operable as redundant trees for multicast traffic in the network topology, the establishing including: allocating a first of the network devices as a corresponding root of the first multicast tree, allocating a first group of intermediate devices from the network devices as first forwarding devices in the first multicast tree, allocating a second group of intermediate devices as belonging to first leaf devices in the first multicast tree, and allocating terminal devices of the network devices as belonging to the first leaf devices, and allocating a second of the network devices as the corresponding root of the second multicast tree, allocating the second group of intermediate devices as second forwarding devices in the second multicast tree, allocating the first group of intermediate devices as belonging to second leaf devices in the second multicast tree, and allocating the terminal devices as belonging to the second leaf devices.