A communication apparatus which includes a plurality of network interfaces stores the address of the communication apparatus in a network in association with one of the plurality of network interfaces, decides, if there is a signal to be transmitted, a network interface to be used to transmit the signal out of the plurality of network interfaces, determines whether one or more first addresses associated with the decided network interface are stored, and performs control, if at least one of the first addresses is stored, so as to select the second address out of the first addresses based on a value at least used to set a communicable range, and transmit the signal to be transmitted by using the second address as a transmission source address.

A hybrid network communication method is disclosed. A gateway device receives a first association request of a multimode device through a first physical interface, where the first association request includes a MAC address of a second physical interface of the multimode device. The gateway device receives a second association request of the multimode device through a third physical interface, where the second association request includes a MAC address of a fourth physical interface of the multimode device. The gateway device obtains an IPv6 address of the multimode device, and records a first correspondence and a second correspondence. The first correspondence includes the IPv6 address of the multimode device, the MAC address of the second physical interface, and the first physical interface. The second correspondence includes the IPv6 address of the multimode device, the MAC address of the fourth physical interface, and the third physical interface.

When a failed connection is detected from a first radio unit (RU) to the cellular site router (CSR), activation of an existing backup cabled connection from the first RU to the CSR through a cabled connection between the first RU and a second RU of the cellular telecommunications tower may be performed. In one example, a first RU and second RU each have two physical network ports. The activation of the existing backup cabled connection from the first RU, via the second RU, to the CSR may include causing the first RU to enter from a normal operating mode into an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) cascade operating mode to attempt to attain network connectivity for the first RU using the second physical network port of the first RU.

Various embodiments describe methods, systems, and devices for deploying an application associated with a user-selected container on a home-network router. Exemplary implementations may include receiving, at the home-network router from a remote server, container acquisition data including configuration information and rules for downloading the user-selected container. Also, initiating, by the home-network router, operation of application logic of the user-selected container in response to downloading the user-selected container from a remote container registry. Further, updating, by the home-network router, a reverse proxy maintained in the home-network router through application logic, wherein the reverse proxy is configured to forward requests from operation of the user-selected container to one or more remote servers; transmitting, from the home-network router to a remote computing device, a notification that the application associated with the user-selected container is deployed.

This application provides a data transmission method, a device, and a network system. The method is applied to a backbone device, and the backbone device is connected to at least two access devices. After obtaining first data that needs to be sent to a first user device, the backbone device determines a first tunnel interface identifier corresponding to the first user device. The first user device is a single-homing user device. The backbone device sends, based on the first tunnel interface identifier, a first data packet including the first data to a first access device of the at least two access devices. The first access device is configured with the first tunnel interface identifier. This can optimize a data forwarding path, implement traffic optimization for the single-homing user device, and reduce traffic pressure of the network system.

This disclosure provides methods, devices and systems for wireless communication, and particularly for address translation during multi-link operation in a wireless local area network (WLAN). The method may include establishing one or more wireless communication links with a station (STA) including a first wireless communication link. The method may include receiving, via the first wireless communication link, a first frame including a first address field that includes a first link media access control (MAC) address associated with the STA. The method may include determining that the STA is associated with a first network MAC address. The method may include removing the first link MAC address from the first address field of the first frame, and inserting the first network MAC address of the STA in a second address field of the first frame. The method may include transmitting the first frame to a first local area network (LAN) device.

A packet transmission method includes a first virtual extensible local area network tunnel endpoint (VTEP) receiving a first packet from a first host and sending a second packet to a third VTEP based on a first IP address corresponding to the first host, where the second packet is obtained by the first VTEP by encapsulating the first packet, where the first host is multi-homed to a second VTEP and the first VTEP, where the second VTEP is configured to send a packet from the first host to the third VTEP based on a second Internet Protocol (IP) address corresponding to the first host, and where the first IP address is the same as the second IP address.

Described embodiments provide systems and methods for invalidating a cache of a domain name system (DNS) information based on changes in internet protocol (IP) families. A mobile device having one or more network interfaces configured to communicate over a plurality of networks using a plurality of internet protocol (IP) families is configured to maintain a cache storing DNS information of one or more IP addresses of a first IP family of the plurality of IP families used by the mobile device for a connection to a first network of the plurality of networks. The device can detect a change in the connection of the mobile device from the first network using the first IP family to a second network using a second IP family different from the first IP family and flush at least the DNS information of one or more IP addresses of the first IP family from the cache to prevent use by the mobile device of an IP address that corresponds to an invalid cache entry.

When a failed connection is detected from a first radio unit (RU) to the cellular site router (CSR), activation of an existing backup cabled connection from the first RU to the CSR through a cabled connection between the first RU and a second RU of the cellular telecommunications tower may be performed. In one example, a first RU and second RU each have two physical network ports. The activation of the existing backup cabled connection from the first RU, via the second RU, to the CSR may include causing the first RU to enter from a normal operating mode into an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) cascade operating mode to attempt to attain network connectivity for the first RU using the second physical network port of the first RU.

Apparatuses and methods are provided in which a CE protocol communication session is established, at a first provider edge network device (PE), for customer equipment device (CE) multi-homed to the first PE and one or more second PEs. The first PE is an owner of the CE protocol communication session. The first PE signals to the one or more second PEs an ownership message indicating that the first PE is the owner of the CE protocol communication session. The ownership message includes parameters that enable one or more second PEs to install in their respective forwarding tables a redirect policy to instruct the respective PE to forward packets of this session to the first PE via an overlay segment. The first PE receives the packets of the session via the overlay segment based on the ownership message.