A method for generating a physical layer (PHY) data unit includes generating a first signal field to include multiple copies of first signal field content, wherein the first signal field content spans one sub-band of a plurality of sub-bands of the PHY data unit, and wherein the multiple copies collectively span the plurality of sub-bands of the PHY data unit; generating a second signal field to include multiple copies of second signal field content, wherein the second signal field content spans multiple ones of the plurality of sub-bands of the PHY data unit, and wherein the multiple copies of the second signal field collectively span the plurality of sub-bands of the PHY data unit; generating a preamble of the PHY data unit to include at least the first signal field and the second signal field; generating the PHY data unit to include at least the preamble.

A method for generating a physical layer (PHY) data unit includes generating a first signal field to include multiple copies of first signal field content, wherein the first signal field content spans one sub-band of a plurality of sub-bands of the PHY data unit, and wherein the multiple copies collectively span the plurality of sub-bands of the PHY data unit; generating a second signal field to include multiple copies of second signal field content, wherein the second signal field content spans multiple ones of the plurality of sub-bands of the PHY data unit, and wherein the multiple copies of the second signal field collectively span the plurality of sub-bands of the PHY data unit; generating a preamble of the PHY data unit to include at least the first signal field and the second signal field; generating the PHY data unit to include at least the preamble.

The transmission of a reference signal, such as a CSI-RS, is enabled while maintaining a power saving effect when performing inter-cell cooperative transmission/reception or the like in a plurality of cells. In order to realize inter-cell cooperative transmission/reception, a CSI-RS which is used for estimating the state of a spatial propagation path of a communication line is generated by a CSI-RS generation unit, and the CSI-RS is disposed in a predetermined subframe by a disposition unit and transmitted. At this time, when a frame has ten subframes #0 to #9, the CSI-RS is disposed in the subframes #4 and #9, which are subframes excluding the subframes #0 and #5 incapable of transmitting a CSI-RS and are subframes other than subframes capable of acting as MBSFN subframes when discontinuous communication (Extended Cell DTX) is performed so as to achieve power saving, and transmitted.

The transmission of a reference signal, such as a CSI-RS, is enabled while maintaining a power saving effect when performing inter-cell cooperative transmission/reception or the like in a plurality of cells. In order to realize inter-cell cooperative transmission/reception, a CSI-RS which is used for estimating the state of a spatial propagation path of a communication line is generated by a CSI-RS generation unit, and the CSI-RS is disposed in a predetermined subframe by a disposition unit and transmitted. At this time, when a frame has ten subframes #0 to #9, the CSI-RS is disposed in the subframes #4 and #9, which are subframes excluding the subframes #0 and #5 incapable of transmitting a CSI-RS and are subframes other than subframes capable of acting as MBSFN subframes when discontinuous communication (Extended Cell DTX) is performed so as to achieve power saving, and transmitted.

A radio frequency transmitter includes a digital-to-analog converter, an analog baseband processor, and a modulator. The digital-to-analog converter is configured to convert a digital frequency-converted signal into a first analog signal, where the digital frequency-converted signal is obtained by performing digital frequency conversion on a digital baseband signal based on a first frequency signal; the analog baseband processor is configured to perform filtering and gain adjustment on the first analog signal to obtain a second analog signal; and the modulator is configured to perform up conversion based on a second frequency signal and the second analog signal, to obtain a radio frequency signal, where the second frequency signal is determined based on a local frequency signal and the first frequency signal.

A radio frequency transmitter includes a digital-to-analog converter, an analog baseband processor, and a modulator. The digital-to-analog converter is configured to convert a digital frequency-converted signal into a first analog signal, where the digital frequency-converted signal is obtained by performing digital frequency conversion on a digital baseband signal based on a first frequency signal; the analog baseband processor is configured to perform filtering and gain adjustment on the first analog signal to obtain a second analog signal; and the modulator is configured to perform up conversion based on a second frequency signal and the second analog signal, to obtain a radio frequency signal, where the second frequency signal is determined based on a local frequency signal and the first frequency signal.

A transmitter is disclosed. The transmitter includes a clock configured to generate one or more output clock signals. The transmitter further includes at least one frequency divider configured to generate a plurality of divided frequencies based on the one or more output clock signals, and a modulator. The transmitter also includes at least one antenna or transducer configured to transmit modulated data. The transmitter includes a memory configured to store instructions, and at least one processor configured to execute instructions performing operations including mapping data to a decimal code value of a plurality of decimal code values, converting the decimal code value to a shrinking base system, and selecting a set of frequencies among the plurality of divided frequencies based on the code value corresponding to the shrinking base system for the decimal code value. The modulator may be configured to modulate the decimal code value using the set of frequencies.

A transmitter is disclosed. The transmitter includes a clock configured to generate one or more output clock signals. The transmitter further includes at least one frequency divider configured to generate a plurality of divided frequencies based on the one or more output clock signals, and a modulator. The transmitter also includes at least one antenna or transducer configured to transmit modulated data. The transmitter includes a memory configured to store instructions, and at least one processor configured to execute instructions performing operations including mapping data to a decimal code value of a plurality of decimal code values, converting the decimal code value to a shrinking base system, and selecting a set of frequencies among the plurality of divided frequencies based on the code value corresponding to the shrinking base system for the decimal code value. The modulator may be configured to modulate the decimal code value using the set of frequencies.

A method and apparatus for using Euclidean modulation in an antenna are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for controlling an antenna comprises mapping a desired modulation to achievable modulation states, mapping modulation values associated with the achievable modulation states to one or more control parameters, and controlling radio frequency (RF) radiating antenna elements using the one or more control parameters to perform beam forming.

A method and apparatus for using Euclidean modulation in an antenna are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for controlling an antenna comprises mapping a desired modulation to achievable modulation states, mapping modulation values associated with the achievable modulation states to one or more control parameters, and controlling radio frequency (RF) radiating antenna elements using the one or more control parameters to perform beam forming.