The present disclosure provides a method and apparatus for determining a route for an OCH service, and a storage medium. The OCH service route determination method includes: determining a spectral width required for an OCH service in an optical network; and successively determining at least one path in a route for the OCH service from a start network element of the OCH service to an end network element of the OCH service. A maximum available spectral width of each of the at least one path in the route is greater than or equal to the spectral width required for the OCH service.

A designated forwarder election method includes a first provider edge (PE) receiving a bandwidth notification message sent by another PE, where the first PE and the other PE are connected to a first customer edge (CE), and where the bandwidth notification message includes bandwidth information of a link between the other PE and the first CE. The first PE elects a DF from the first PE and the other PE based on the bandwidth information of the other PE and bandwidth information of a link between the first PE and the first CE.

A packet processing method, a forwarding device, and a packet processing system are applied to a switch, a router, or another device or system in which a control plane and a forwarding plane are separated. In the packet processing method, the forwarding device obtains a first forwarding table that corresponds to a first packet and that is configured by a control device, where the first forwarding table includes at least one data structure, and the at least one data structure includes a field value type and content corresponding to the field value type. Then, the forwarding device processes the first packet based on a field value type in the at least one data structure and content corresponding to the field value type, to obtain a field value of a field value type. Therefore, packet processing efficiency is improved.

An agent training method includes: obtaining environment information of a first agent and environment information of a second agent; generating first information based on the environment information of the first agent and the environment information of the second agent; and training the first agent by using the first information, so that the first agent outputs individual cognition information and neighborhood cognition information. The neighborhood cognition information of the first agent is consistent with neighborhood cognition information of the second agent.

With the advent of manycore architecture, on-chip interconnect connects a number of cores, caches, memory modules, accelerators, graphic processing unit (GPU) or chiplets in one system. However, on-chip interconnect architecture consumes a significant portion of total parallel computing chip power. Power-gating is an effective technique to reduce power consumption by powering off the routers, but it suffers from a large wake-up latency to resume the full activity of routers. Recent research aims to improve the wake-up latency penalty by hiding it through early wake-up techniques. However, these techniques do not exploit the full advantage of power-gating due to the early wake-up. Consequently, they do not achieve significant power savings. The present invention provides a new router architecture that remedies the large wake-up latency overheads while providing significant power savings. The invention takes advantage of a simple switch to transmit packets without waking up the router. Additionally, the technique hides the wake-up latency by continuing to provide packet transmission during the wake-up phase.

The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5.sup.th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4.sup.th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. According to the present disclosure, communication is performed more efficiently in a software defined network (SDN) environment.

A multicast group creation method, a multicast group joining method, and an apparatus, where the multicast group creation method includes: a user multicast source terminal sending a first request message to a first control plane network element to request creation of a multicast group; the first control plane network element sending a second request message to a second control plane network element to request creation of the multicast group; the second control plane network element determining that a next-hop user plane network element of the second user plane network element is a first user plane network element, and then sending information about the first user plane network element to the first control plane network element, which indicates the second user plane network element to send a multicast packet received from the terminal to the first user plane network element.

In a route management method, a configuration distribution device may create a route processing unit in at least one route processing device when there is a route management requirement, determine a route processing unit corresponding to each to-be-processed target private network, and then send configuration information of each target private network to a corresponding route processing unit, so that the route processing unit processes a route of a corresponding target private network. The at least one route processing device is created in real time based on the route management requirement, and each route processing unit can independently complete route receiving and sending and route selection of a corresponding target private network.

This application provides a protocol packet processing method, a network device, and a computer storage medium. The method includes a first network device receives a first protocol packet, and the first network device processes the first protocol packet based on a first quantity, the first protocol packet, and a trustworthiness set, where the first quantity includes a quantity of protocol packets stored in the first network device or a quantity of routes stored in the first network device.

Example routing systems and methods are described. In one implementation, a first set of routing systems is interfaced with a network connection via a network interface. A second set of routing systems interfaced with a secure system is configured to receive information from the first set of routing systems via a first unidirectional data channel. In some embodiments, the first set of routing systems is configured to receive information from the second set of routing systems via a second unidirectional data channel. The secure system is not visible from the network interface.