Described herein are methods and devices (e.g., routers) that add in-network services to a multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) network. A method can include a router of the MPLS network receiving a packet and modifying the packet by adding one or more MPLS extension headers, adding a header of the extension header(s), and adding an indication within an MPLS label stack that one or more MPLS extension headers have been added to the packet. The method can also include the router forwarding the packet as modified to another router of the MPLS network. In certain embodiments, an extension header label (EHL) within a label value field of a label stack entry indicates that one or more MPLS extension headers have been added to the packet. In other embodiments, a forward equivalent class (FEC) indicates that one or more MPLS extension headers follow the MPLS label stack.

A solution for route selection includes receiving, by a network repository, from a first network function (NF), a query related to a target NF; querying, by the network repository, a route selection node for a shortest path to the target NF; receiving, by the network repository, from the route selection node, an indication of the shortest path to the target NF; and based on at least receiving the indication of the shortest path to the target NF, transmitting, by the network repository, to the first NF, a route to the target NF. In some examples, the shortest path has at least one of: a minimum number of hops, a minimum latency, a minimum jitter, and a minimum weighted transport score. In some examples, the route selection node is co-located with the network repository, which may be a network repository function (NRF).

A method and device for transmitting or receiving a broadcast signal are discussed. The method for transmitting the broadcast signal can include processing one or more Internet Protocol (IP) packets into link layer packets, processing the link layer packets to output the broadcast signal, and transmitting the broadcast signal. The one or more IP packets can carry components of a service and service signaling information for signaling the components of the service. The broadcast signal can further include a service list table. The service list table can include one or more of service identification information for identifying the service, capabilities information related to the service, channel number information of the service, category information for indicating a type of the service, protocol information for representing a type of a protocol used to deliver the service signaling information.

Systems and methods for controlling satellites are provided. In one example embodiment, a computing system can obtain a request for image data. The request can be associated with a priority for acquiring the image data. The computing system can determine an availability of a plurality of satellites to acquire the image data based at least in part on the request. The computing system can select from among a plurality of communication pathways to transmit an image acquisition command to a satellite based at least in part on the request priority. The plurality of communication pathways can include a communication pathway via which the image acquisition command is indirectly communicated to the satellite via a geostationary satellite. The computing system can send the image acquisition command to the selected satellite via the selected communication pathway.

A controller obtains service information, and determines at least one forwarding device based on the service information. The controller generates an instruction list based on the service information and network function information of the at least one forwarding device, where the network function information is used to indicate a network function of the at least one forwarding device, and the instruction list includes a control instruction generated by the controller for the at least one forwarding device. The controller sends the corresponding control instruction in the instruction list to the at least one forwarding device, where the control instruction is used to instruct the at least one forwarding device to perform corresponding processing on a service packet of a service corresponding to the service information.

A method performed by a function in a network node in a telecommunications network having at least one service communication proxy, SCP, deployed between a first network node and a second network node. The method includes receiving a request for routing information to signal a message from the first network node to the second network node. The method further includes responsive to the request from the first network node, providing a response to a network node that sent the request wherein the response identifies at least a portion of a routing path for the message based on a routing path configuration.

Provided is a Routing Early Warning System (“REWS”) that preemptively detects and corrects network issues based on control plane messaging. REWS receives control plane messages for network paths to a source node, groups the control plane messages to different bins based on time, detects an anomaly based on a number of a first set of control plane messages grouped to a particular bin differing, by a threshold amount, from a steady state number of control plane messages grouped to at least one other bin, and isolates a cause of the anomaly based on a number of updated paths and addressing of one or more nodes specified in the first set of control plane messages. REWS modifies routing of the source node data plane traffic before the anomaly significant impacts the data plane in response to detecting the anomaly and isolating the anomaly cause using the control plane messages.

The present disclosure provides a routing method and a routing device. The routing method includes: receiving, by an AMF, a first message from an (R)AN, the first message including session-related information and routing information associated with the session-related information; and routing, by the AMF, the session-related information to a relevant SMF in accordance with the routing information. According to the present disclosure, it is able to correctly route the session-related information between the (R)AN and the SMF.

Various example embodiments for supporting an in-band control plane are presented. Various example embodiments for supporting an in-band control plane may be configured to support an in-band control plane in a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network. Various example embodiments for supporting an in-band control plane in an MPLS network may be configured to support an in-band control plane in an MPLS network by supporting exchange of control protocol packets of control protocols as MPLS packets, such that the control protocol messaging is in-band along the MPLS data plane itself. Various example embodiments for supporting an in-band control plane in an MPLS network may be configured to support an in-band control plane in an MPLS network by supporting communication of MPLS packets that encapsulate control protocol messages of control protocols with an MPLS label which indicates that the payloads of the MPLS packets carry the control protocol messages of the control protocols.

This disclosure provides a data sending method and apparatus, and a device, and pertains to the field of communications technologies. An example method includes: receiving an uplink data packet sent by UE; if a signaling message is carried in the uplink data packet, separating the signaling message from the uplink data packet, where the signaling message is used to request to establish a PDU session or request to activate an established PDU session; forwarding the signaling message to a control plane device; and before an available PDU session exists, forwarding, based on a data forwarding message carried in the uplink data packet sent by the UE, data in the uplink data packet sent by the UE.