To improve the efficiency and reliability of communication, such as for control commands distribution and data collection, in a large and high density wireless control system (100), each one of a plurality of nodes in the system is assigned one out of three roles, a router node (200), a non-router node (300), or a data collector node (400). A node (200, 300, 400) in the wireless control system (100) is capable to operate according to at least one of two communication protocols. A first communication protocol is capable to support mesh or tree network with multi-hop routing, while a second communication protocol is capable to support a star network with point-to-point connection. The router nodes build up a sparse multi-hop network to guarantee the connectivity of the large-scale network. Around each router node within one-hop direct link, a local star network is built up with at least one non-router node and at least one data collector node.

A method of wireless communication by a user equipment (UE) includes generating, by an upper analog media access control (MAC-A) layer of a protocol stack, a data packet with a header and a data field. The header indicates a neural network identifier (ID) and a request ID. The data field includes gradient data for a federated learning iteration. The method also includes transferring the data packet to lower layers of the protocol stack for transmission to a network device across a wireless network.

A method of wireless communication by a user equipment (UE) includes generating, by an upper analog media access control (MAC-A) layer of a protocol stack, a data packet with a header and a data field. The header indicates a neural network identifier (ID) and a request ID. The data field includes gradient data for a federated learning iteration. The method also includes transferring the data packet to lower layers of the protocol stack for transmission to a network device across a wireless network.

This disclosure describes techniques for scaling resources that handle, participate, and/or control routing protocol sessions. In one example, this disclosure describes a method that includes instantiating a plurality of containerized routing protocol modules, each capable of storing routing information about a network having a plurality of routers; performing network address translation to enable each of the containerized routing protocol modules to communicate with each of the plurality of routers using a public address associated with the computing system; configuring each of the containerized routing protocol modules to peer with a different subset of the plurality of routers so that each of the containerized routing protocol modules share routing information with a respective different subset of the plurality of routers; and configuring each of the containerized routing protocol modules to peer with each other to share routing information received from the different subsets of the plurality of routers.

This disclosure describes techniques for scaling resources that handle, participate, and/or control routing protocol sessions. In one example, this disclosure describes a method that includes instantiating a plurality of containerized routing protocol modules, each capable of storing routing information about a network having a plurality of routers; performing network address translation to enable each of the containerized routing protocol modules to communicate with each of the plurality of routers using a public address associated with the computing system; configuring each of the containerized routing protocol modules to peer with a different subset of the plurality of routers so that each of the containerized routing protocol modules share routing information with a respective different subset of the plurality of routers; and configuring each of the containerized routing protocol modules to peer with each other to share routing information received from the different subsets of the plurality of routers.

A hybrid network communication method is disclosed. A gateway device receives a first association request of a multimode device through a first physical interface, where the first association request includes a MAC address of a second physical interface of the multimode device. The gateway device receives a second association request of the multimode device through a third physical interface, where the second association request includes a MAC address of a fourth physical interface of the multimode device. The gateway device obtains an IPv6 address of the multimode device, and records a first correspondence and a second correspondence. The first correspondence includes the IPv6 address of the multimode device, the MAC address of the second physical interface, and the first physical interface. The second correspondence includes the IPv6 address of the multimode device, the MAC address of the fourth physical interface, and the third physical interface.

A first router in a first AS, the first router comprises: a processor configured to: obtain information about a broadcast link connecting the first router to a second router in a second AS, and generate a link state message comprising the information; and a transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the link state message to a third router, wherein the third router is in the first AS and is adjacent to the first router. A method comprises: receiving a first link state message from a first router; receiving a second link state message from a second router; receiving a third link state message from a third router; determining which of the first router, the second router, and the third router are ASBRs connected to a broadcast link based on information in the first link state message, the second link state message, and the third link state message.

A first router in a first AS, the first router comprises: a processor configured to: obtain information about a broadcast link connecting the first router to a second router in a second AS, and generate a link state message comprising the information; and a transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the link state message to a third router, wherein the third router is in the first AS and is adjacent to the first router. A method comprises: receiving a first link state message from a first router; receiving a second link state message from a second router; receiving a third link state message from a third router; determining which of the first router, the second router, and the third router are ASBRs connected to a broadcast link based on information in the first link state message, the second link state message, and the third link state message.

Techniques for utilizing Software-Defined Networking (SDN) controllers and network border leaf nodes of respective cloud computing networks to configure a data transmission route for a multicast group. Each border leaf node may maintain a respective external sources database, including a number of records indicating associations between a multicast data source, one or more respective border leaf nodes disposed in the same network as the multicast data source, and network capability information. A border leaf node, disposed in the same network as a multicast data source, may broadcast a local source discovery message to all border leaf nodes in remote networks to which it is communicatively coupled. A border leaf node may also communicate network capability information associated with one or more remote networks to a local SDN controller. The SDN controller may utilize the network capability information to configure a data transmission route to one or more destination nodes.

Techniques for utilizing Software-Defined Networking (SDN) controllers and network border leaf nodes of respective cloud computing networks to configure a data transmission route for a multicast group. Each border leaf node may maintain a respective external sources database, including a number of records indicating associations between a multicast data source, one or more respective border leaf nodes disposed in the same network as the multicast data source, and network capability information. A border leaf node, disposed in the same network as a multicast data source, may broadcast a local source discovery message to all border leaf nodes in remote networks to which it is communicatively coupled. A border leaf node may also communicate network capability information associated with one or more remote networks to a local SDN controller. The SDN controller may utilize the network capability information to configure a data transmission route to one or more destination nodes.