In one embodiment, a primary tunnel is established from a head-end node to a destination along a path including one or more protected network elements for which a fast reroute path is available to pass traffic around the one or more network elements in the event of their failure. A first path quality measures path quality prior to failure of the one or more protected network elements. A second path quality measures path quality subsequent to failure of the one or more protected network elements, while the fast reroute path is being used to pass traffic of the primary tunnel. A determination is made whether to reestablish the primary tunnel over a new path that does not include the one or more failed protected network elements, or to continue to utilize the path with the fast reroute path, in response to a difference between the first path quality and the second path quality.

A physical network element is provided which is configured to operate as a plurality of separated routing entities, each functioning independently of the others, wherein the physical network element is characterized in that: a) each of the plurality of routing entities is provided with its own control, management and data planes, as well as with a dedicated routing information base table and a forwarding information base table; and b) all of the plurality of routing entities are configured to operate while sharing at least one member of a group that consists of: (i) one or more packet processors comprised in the physical network element; (ii) one or more central processing units (CPUs) comprised in the physical network element; (iii) one or more fabrics comprised in the physical network element; and (iv) one or more network interfaces comprised in the physical network element.

A physical network element is provided which is configured to operate as a plurality of separated routing entities, each functioning independently of the others, wherein the physical network element is characterized in that: a) each of the plurality of routing entities is provided with its own control, management and data planes, as well as with a dedicated routing information base table and a forwarding information base table; and b) all of the plurality of routing entities are configured to operate while sharing at least one member of a group that consists of: (i) one or more packet processors comprised in the physical network element; (ii) one or more central processing units (CPUs) comprised in the physical network element; (iii) one or more fabrics comprised in the physical network element; and (iv) one or more network interfaces comprised in the physical network element.

A method for synchronizing topology information in a service function chain (SFC) network, where the SFC network includes at least one classifier (CF) and at least one service function forwarder (SFF). The method includes that a first network element in the at least two routing network elements establishes a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) connection to at least one second network element other than the first network element in the at least two routing network elements, where the first network element is any one of the at least two routing network elements, and the first network element sends a first BGP update message to the at least one second network element, where the first BGP update message includes topology information of the first network element such that the at least one second network element obtains the topology information of the first network element.

A method for synchronizing topology information in a service function chain (SFC) network, where the SFC network includes at least one classifier (CF) and at least one service function forwarder (SFF). The method includes that a first network element in the at least two routing network elements establishes a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) connection to at least one second network element other than the first network element in the at least two routing network elements, where the first network element is any one of the at least two routing network elements, and the first network element sends a first BGP update message to the at least one second network element, where the first BGP update message includes topology information of the first network element such that the at least one second network element obtains the topology information of the first network element.

A first router in a first AS, the first router comprises: a processor configured to: obtain information about a broadcast link connecting the first router to a second router in a second AS, and generate a link state message comprising the information; and a transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the link state message to a third router, wherein the third router is in the first AS and is adjacent to the first router. A method comprises: receiving a first link state message from a first router; receiving a second link state message from a second router; receiving a third link state message from a third router; determining which of the first router, the second router, and the third router are ASBRs connected to a broadcast link based on information in the first link state message, the second link state message, and the third link state message.

A first router in a first AS, the first router comprises: a processor configured to: obtain information about a broadcast link connecting the first router to a second router in a second AS, and generate a link state message comprising the information; and a transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the link state message to a third router, wherein the third router is in the first AS and is adjacent to the first router. A method comprises: receiving a first link state message from a first router; receiving a second link state message from a second router; receiving a third link state message from a third router; determining which of the first router, the second router, and the third router are ASBRs connected to a broadcast link based on information in the first link state message, the second link state message, and the third link state message.

The present subject matter relates to one or more devices, systems and/or methods for providing wireless telecommunication services. A Small Form Factor Pluggable Unit (SFP) incorporates wireless capabilities, and includes an integrated or an external antenna. The SFP comprises wireless circuitry for transmitting and receive multiple and distinct wireless signals, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth for communicating with various equipment, devices and/or networks.

The present subject matter relates to one or more devices, systems and/or methods for providing wireless telecommunication services. A Small Form Factor Pluggable Unit (SFP) incorporates wireless capabilities, and includes an integrated or an external antenna. The SFP comprises wireless circuitry for transmitting and receive multiple and distinct wireless signals, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth for communicating with various equipment, devices and/or networks.

A network load balancer, a request message distribution method, a program product, and a system provided by the present disclosure relate to cloud computing technology. The network load balancer includes: a network port and N intermediate chips; the N intermediate chips are connected in sequence; the network port is connected to a first intermediate chip among the N intermediate chips; N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1; the network port is configured to receive a request message and forward the request message to the first intermediate chip; each of the intermediate chips is configured to forward the request message to a next intermediate chip connected to a current intermediate chip if connection information matching the request message is not found; and transmit the request message to a background server according to the connection information if the connection information matching the request message is found.