Residual coding using vector quantization (VQ) is described. A flag indicating whether a residual block for the current block is encoded using VQ. In response to the flag indicating that the residual block is encoded using VQ, a parameter indicating an entry in a codebook is decoded, and the residual block is decoded using the entry. In response to the flag indicating that the residual block is not encoded using VQ, the residual block is decoded based on a skip flag indicating whether the current block is encoded using transform skip. The current block is reconstructed using the residual block.

According to an embodiment, an encoding device includes an index setting unit and an encoding unit. The index setting unit generates a common index in which reference indices of one or more reference images included in a first index and a second index are sorted in a combination so as not to include a same reference image in accordance with a predetermined scanning order. The first index representing a combination of the one or more reference images referred to by a first reference image. The second index representing a combination of the one or more reference images referred to by a second reference image. The encoding unit encodes the common index.

According to an embodiment, an encoding device includes an index setting unit and an encoding unit. The index setting unit generates a common index in which reference indices of one or more reference images included in a first index and a second index are sorted in a combination so as not to include a same reference image in accordance with a predetermined scanning order. The first index representing a combination of the one or more reference images referred to by a first reference image. The second index representing a combination of the one or more reference images referred to by a second reference image. The encoding unit encodes the common index.

A method for analyzing an image for anomaly detection includes obtaining a first image. The method also includes generating a second image by auto-encoding the first image. The method additionally includes extracting first and second feature vectors from the first and second images, respectively. The method further includes filtering each of the first and second feature vectors by using a filtering vector generated based on first distance values between first respective elements of the first and second feature vectors. Additionally, the method includes determining whether there is an anomaly in the first image based on second distance values between second respective elements of the filtered first and second feature vectors.

Computer processor hardware receives zone information specifying multiple elements of a rendition of a signal belonging to a zone. The computer processor hardware also receives motion information associated with the zone. The motion information can be encoded to indicate to which corresponding element in a reference signal each of the multiple elements in the zone pertains. For each respective element in the zone as specified by the zone information, the computer processor hardware utilizes the motion information to derive a corresponding location value in the reference signal; the corresponding location value indicates a location in the reference signal to which the respective element pertains.

Computer processor hardware receives zone information specifying multiple elements of a rendition of a signal belonging to a zone. The computer processor hardware also receives motion information associated with the zone. The motion information can be encoded to indicate to which corresponding element in a reference signal each of the multiple elements in the zone pertains. For each respective element in the zone as specified by the zone information, the computer processor hardware utilizes the motion information to derive a corresponding location value in the reference signal; the corresponding location value indicates a location in the reference signal to which the respective element pertains.

An image decoding method according to the present document comprises a step of generating residual samples of a current block on the basis of residual information, wherein the residual information comprises a multiple transform selection (MTS) index and information regarding transform coefficients, the residual samples are generated from transform coefficients according to the information regarding the transform coefficients by using a transform kernel set, the transform kernel set is determined by the MTS index from among transform kernel set candidates, at least one of bins of a bin string of the MTS index is derived on the basis of context coding, the context coding is performed based on a value of a context index with respect to the MTS index.

An image decoding method according to the present document comprises a step of generating residual samples of a current block on the basis of residual information, wherein the residual information comprises a multiple transform selection (MTS) index and information regarding transform coefficients, the residual samples are generated from transform coefficients according to the information regarding the transform coefficients by using a transform kernel set, the transform kernel set is determined by the MTS index from among transform kernel set candidates, at least one of bins of a bin string of the MTS index is derived on the basis of context coding, the context coding is performed based on a value of a context index with respect to the MTS index.

In one embodiment, one or more computing systems may determine a first display content to be displayed on a display. The first display content may be associated with one or more frames. The one or more computing systems may determine an optimization operation for the first display content based on one or more first parameters associated with the display or one or more second parameters associated with the one or more frames. The one or more computing systems may adjust the one or more frames based on the optimization operation. The adjusted one or more frames may have at least one optimized attribute comparing to the one or more frames before being adjusted. The one or more computing systems may output the adjusted one or more frames to the display to represent the first display content.

An image encoding method that expresses an image using pixels or blocks, and colors assigned to the pixels or the blocks when encoding an image to be encoded, and encodes a block division tree and color information, the color information being assigned to all nodes including a root node, branch nodes, and leaf nodes of the block division tree, the method includes: a division tree generation step of dividing the image to be encoded using an arbitrary division tree and thereby generating the block division tree; a color information determination step of determining representative colors that represent interim blocks or final blocks and assigning the determined colors as color information corresponding to the respective nodes, the interim blocks or the final blocks corresponding to the nodes of the block division tree; a tree encoding step of encoding the block division tree; and a color information encoding step of encoding the color information.