A self-organizing mesh network and protocol, herein identified as the HSN Mesh or Self-Expanding Mesh (SEM), enables dynamic addition and subtraction of mesh nodes by allowing nodes to claim a conflict-free slot for transmission. Slot allocation will not be fixed or predetermined and will be performed in a decentralized manner that suits the existing SEM mesh structure which does not have any strict hierarchy or central coordinator nodes. The dynamic slot allocation strategy will allow the seamless expansion of the mesh. The disclosed self-organizing mesh is: a distributed self organizing mobile mesh network; highly reliable and resilient mesh through redundant connections and built in self-discovery; and a peer to peer network with flat hierarchy, meaning no need for central hub or coordinator node. Distributed slot reusability ensures efficient slot allocation. synchronized mesh allows to deploy time critical applications

A method for determining a system operating mode and a terminal implementing the method are provided. The method includes: obtaining first information, where the first information is information detected or received by the terminal; and determining a system operating mode of the terminal in a first band based on the first information, where the system operating mode includes a licensed mode and an unlicensed mode.

A measurement method including determining, by a terminal device, a first adjustment parameter of a to-be-measured neighboring cell, determining, based on the first adjustment parameter, a first synchronization signal block-based measurement timing configuration (SMTC) window corresponding to the to-be-measured neighboring cell, and measuring the to-be-measured neighboring cell based on the first SMTC window.

Disclosed are a synchronization method and a terminal apparatus resolving the issue of how to support synchronization of resources having different SCSs. The synchronization method includes: a terminal apparatus determining a type of synchronization sources, the synchronization sources including one or more combinations of: a base station in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, a base station in the Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Technology (5G) network, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and a communication node; the terminal apparatus determining, from one or more synchronization sources matching the type, a synchronization source of the terminal apparatus; and the terminal apparatus synchronizing with the determined synchronization source.

A method of transmitting the reference signal includes: obtaining a plurality of candidate transmission positions of a reference signal according to an initial candidate transmission position of the reference signal, where the plurality of candidate transmission positions include the initial candidate transmission position; performing a channel detection before the reference signal is transmitted; and if channel idle is detected, transmitting the reference signal at a corresponding candidate transmission position, wherein reference signal position information carried by the reference signal comprises a reference signal index corresponding to the initial candidate transmission position and an offset between a current candidate transmission position and the initial candidate transmission position.

Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for timing synchronization of sidelinks. In some example embodiments, there may be provided an apparatus including at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least receive information to enable synchronized operation of a vehicle-to-vehicle sidelink with another user equipment; and configure the vehicle-to-vehicle sidelink. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also disclosed.

Disclosed are a transmission timing determination method, a transmission timing determination device, and a computer-readable storage medium. First timing adjustment information issued by a first node is received, and a first transmission timing of a second node is adjusted according to the first timing adjustment information, or a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) timing is used as the first transmission timing; and an adjustment manner of the first transmission timing is determined according to synchronization type indication information.

In an aspect, a communications node (e.g., TRP or UE) obtains (e.g., measures) timing group delays associated with different positioning procedures to determine time drift information, and reports the time drift information to an external entity for position estimation. In some designs, positioning procedures may comprise round trip time (RTT) measurements or uplink or downlink Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) measurements. In some designs, the time drift information indicates a drift rate function.

Systems and methods for a self-calibrating and self-adjusting network are disclosed. A method is disclosed, comprising: receiving mobile device measurement reports from a mobile device at a gateway situated between a radio access network (RAN) and a core network via a base station in the RAN; determining a location of the mobile device at a measurement time of the mobile device measurement reports; associating the location with the mobile device measurement reports into a measurement record; storing a plurality of measurement records obtained over a time period and over multiple mobile devices; and providing query access to the plurality of measurement records by retrieving results corresponding to a plurality of search parameters transmitted to the gateway.

A method and system for determining inroute frame timing for a Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) includes receiving an appointment to transmit, on an inroute, at a start of a slot X of a frame number M; establishing, at a VSAT, an arrival time of a super frame numbering packet (SFNP) including a satellite ephemeris vector and a frame number N; calculating, at the VSAT, a timing offset (T.sub.RO) to be applied to the arrival time to compensate for a time varying gateway-satellite-terminal propagation delay (T.sub.HS+T.sub.SR); setting a transmit instant as an end of the T.sub.RO after the arrival time; adding to the transmit instant a duration of X slots and a duration of (M-N) frames; and transmitting a burst, on the inroute from the VSAT, at the transmit instant. In the method, the calculating is based on computing T.sub.HS+T.sub.SR from the satellite ephemeris vector, a gateway transmits the SFNP and receives the burst in the slot X within the frame number M of the inroute, and N is greater than or equal to M. A method and system for using ephemeris data for inroute timing is disclosed.