The invention relates to a method for treating a food product by non-conventional resistive heating using. contact with spaced-apart electrically conductive electrodes connected to a power source that regulates current to the electrodes by pausing heating of the food product to a predetermined temperature. The electrodes are configured into two groups at a first distance from one another. Each electrode group has individual electrodes, similar to a comb-like set of needles, wherein neighboring needles of each group are at a second distance from one another that is greater than or equal to the first distance. Each set of needles penetrates the food product such that points of the needles leave penetration points, wherein the food product is accommodated in a space between two conveyor belts and the individual electrodes extend from at least one of the conveyor belts in the direction of the opposite conveyor belt.

A sensor assembly for monitoring a heater system for an aircraft probe sensor includes a current sensor module with a current sensor core and a high electromagnetically permeable enclosure around the current sensor core. An input wire pathway extends through the current sensor core and is configured to receive a heater input wire. A return wire pathway extends through the current sensor core and is configured to receive a heater return wire. A high electromagnetically permeable tube extends through the current sensor core and is configured to extend around one of the input wire and the heater return wire.

An ohmic heater for heating a food product, including: a rectifier (2) for rectifying the supply voltage; an inverter (3) including controlled switches (30); a pair (4) of electrodes that can be positioned in contact with the food product to be heated, said inverter (3) being operatively interposed between the rectifier (2) and the pair (4) of electrodes; a device (5) for determining an oscillating voltage (X) generated by the rectifier (2); a system (800) for regulating the closing duration of the switches (30) of the inverter (3) at least as a function of the corresponding voltage (X) generated by the rectifier (2) and determined at a given time instant by the device (5) for determining an oscillating voltage (X).

An apparatus includes a first electrode exhibiting a first Seebeck coefficient, a second electrode exhibiting a second Seebeck coefficient greater than the first Seebeck coefficient, and particles between the first and second electrodes exhibiting a third Seebeck coefficient between the first and second Seebeck coefficients. An alternating current power supply is electrically connected to the first and second electrodes. Heat is generated due to the Peltier effect at a junction between the first electrode and the particles and at a junction between the second electrode and the particles. Heat is removed due to the Peltier effect at the junction between the first electrode and the particles and at the junction between the second electrode and the particles. The particles are densified due to heating and cooling phase transitions between a higher-temperature solid phase and a lower-temperature solid phase while compressing the particles.

Provided is an on-line ice-melting apparatus. The apparatus is configured for melting the ice on a three-phase line. The apparatus includes an adjustable reactor, a grounding transformer, a controller, and an auxiliary circuit. The grounding transformer, the adjustable reactor, the auxiliary circuit, and a line of any phase of the three-phase line form a first control loop. The adjustable reactor includes a working winding, a control winding, and a short-circuit winding. The working winding is connected between the grounding transformer and the auxiliary circuit. The controller is electrically connected to the control winding and the short-circuit winding separately.

A heater control device controls an electric heater which includes a plurality of heat generating portions. The heater control device determines whether a total energization current value, which is a current value to be supplied to the electric heater when all of the plurality of heat generating portions are energizable, exceeds a predetermined current limit value. The heater control device is configured to, when it is determined that the total energization current value exceeds the current limit value, energize the electric heater while switching, among any or all of the plurality of heat generating portions, those to be turned to a non-energizable off state.

A heatable leading-edge apparatus for an aircraft having a main structure and a heating layer. The heating layer comprises a fiber composite layer with fibers and with a matrix which surrounds the fibers. The fibers are at least partially formed as conducting fibers, such as carbon fibers, with an electrically insulating coating. Owing to the conducting fibers, which act as electrical heating elements, a desired surface temperature can be established on an outer side of the leading-edge apparatus.

Embodiments include systems and methods for heating materials, including heating materials for cooking and soldering. A representative system and method for cooking food includes passing electric current through the food, sensing a characteristic of the food, and modulating the electric current in response to the characteristic of the food to achieve a selected internal temperature of the food. The system and method can include searing the food with hot oil or photons directed at the surface of the food. A representative system and method for heating a material includes modulating a plurality of semiconductor light sources to emit photons toward the material, measuring a temperature of the material, and modulating the plurality of semiconductor light sources in response to the temperature of the material. The material can include solder and the method can include heating solder in a reflow soldering process.

An apparatus for thermally joining thermoplastic fiber composite components includes a pressurization arrangement for jointly covering, at least in a region of a joining zone, thermoplastic fiber composite components to be joined and applying pressure to the thermoplastic fiber composite components to press the thermoplastic fiber composite components against one another, at least in the joining zone, the pressurization arrangement being flexible, at least in some section or sections. A welding device is configured for welding the fiber composite components in the joining zone during pressurization. The pressurization arrangement and welding device are configured to weld the thermoplastic fiber composite components in a pressurized state in the joining zone. The pressurization arrangement is configured to maintain pressurization independently of the welding device until the joining zone solidifies. A cover is also disclosed for a pressurization device for thermally joining thermoplastic fiber composite components.

Embodiments include systems and methods for heating materials, including heating materials for cooking and soldering. A representative system and method for cooking food includes passing electric current through the food, sensing a characteristic of the food, and modulating the electric current in response to the characteristic of the food to achieve a selected internal temperature of the food. The system and method can include searing the food with hot oil or photons directed at the surface of the food. A representative system and method for heating a material includes modulating a plurality of semiconductor light sources to emit photons toward the material, measuring a temperature of the material, and modulating the plurality of semiconductor light sources in response to the temperature of the material. The material can include solder and the method can include heating solder in a reflow soldering process.