A superconducting down-hole heating device with a superconducting cable, a cryostat around the superconducting cable, and a heat source coupled to the superconducting cable. The device is configured to use within a well-casing, and to produce heat outside of the cryostat and not inside of the cryostat.

A superconducting down-hole heating device with a superconducting cable, a cryostat around the superconducting cable, and a heat source coupled to the superconducting cable. The device is configured to use within a well-casing, and to produce heat outside of the cryostat and not inside of the cryostat.

A heating furnace includes a bolt inserted through an insertion hole in a part of a heater and further inserted into a hole on a tip surface of an electrode rod. A first washer is between a bearing surface of the bolt and one face of the heater. A second washer is between another face of the heater and the tip surface. The relation of: |L.sub.0.Math.α.sub.0−(T.sub.H.Math.α.sub.H+T.sub.B.Math.α.sub.B+T.sub.E.Math.α.sub.E)|.Math.ΔT≦0.15(T.sub.B+T.sub.E) is satisfied, where L.sub.0 is an interval between the bearing surface and the tip surface, α.sub.0 is a linear expansion coefficient (LEC) of the bolt, T.sub.H, T.sub.B and T.sub.E are thicknesses of the part, first and second washers and α.sub.H, α.sub.B and α.sub.E are their LECs, respectively, and ΔT is a temperature increment quantity of a part where the heater and the electrode rod are fastened by the bolt.

A heating furnace includes a bolt inserted through an insertion hole in a part of a heater and further inserted into a hole on a tip surface of an electrode rod. A first washer is between a bearing surface of the bolt and one face of the heater. A second washer is between another face of the heater and the tip surface. The relation of: |L.sub.0.Math.α.sub.0−(T.sub.H.Math.α.sub.H+T.sub.B.Math.α.sub.B+T.sub.E.Math.α.sub.E)|.Math.ΔT≦0.15(T.sub.B+T.sub.E) is satisfied, where L.sub.0 is an interval between the bearing surface and the tip surface, α.sub.0 is a linear expansion coefficient (LEC) of the bolt, T.sub.H, T.sub.B and T.sub.E are thicknesses of the part, first and second washers and α.sub.H, α.sub.B and α.sub.E are their LECs, respectively, and ΔT is a temperature increment quantity of a part where the heater and the electrode rod are fastened by the bolt.

A heating system includes at least one electric heater disposed within a fluid flow system and a control device that is configured to determine a temperature of the at least one electric heater based on a model, at least one fluid flow system input, and at least one heater input. The at least one heater input includes at least one physical characteristic of the heating system, the at least one physical characteristic includes at least one of a resistance wire diameter, a heater insulation thickness, a heater sheath thickness, a conductivity, a specific heat and density of the material of the heater, an emissivity of the heater and the fluid flow pathway, and combinations thereof. The control device is configured to provide power to the at least one electric heater based on the temperature of the at least one electric heater.

A heating system includes at least one electric heater disposed within a fluid flow system and a control device that is configured to determine a temperature of the at least one electric heater based on a model, at least one fluid flow system input, and at least one heater input. The at least one heater input includes at least one physical characteristic of the heating system, the at least one physical characteristic includes at least one of a resistance wire diameter, a heater insulation thickness, a heater sheath thickness, a conductivity, a specific heat and density of the material of the heater, an emissivity of the heater and the fluid flow pathway, and combinations thereof. The control device is configured to provide power to the at least one electric heater based on the temperature of the at least one electric heater.

A heater assembly includes a container including a cylindrical portion that forms a chamber in which a flavor generating article is contained, and a heater arranged in a peripheral surface of the cylindrical portion. The container includes a first channel extending along a longitudinal direction of the cylindrical portion and located adjacently to the chamber in a direction intersecting with the longitudinal direction of the cylindrical portion, and a second channel extending through the chamber along the longitudinal direction of the cylindrical portion. The first channel is in communication with the second channel.

An aerosol-generating system may include a cartridge, a heater section, and an aerosol-generating device. The cartridge may include a cartridge housing, a solid aerosol-forming substrate positioned within the cartridge housing, and a liquid aerosol-forming substrate positioned within the cartridge housing. The heater section is separate from the cartridge and includes an electric heater. The aerosol-generating device may include a device housing configured to receive the cartridge and a power supply for supplying electrical power to the electric heater. The power supply may be positioned within the device housing.

The invention relates to a heating system (200) for heating of a fluid. The heating system comprises a supply connection (201) in fluid communication with a supply of fluid to be heated. It further comprises a structured body (108) arranged for heating of the fluid during use of the heating system. The structured body comprises a macroscopic structure (21) of electrically conductive material, the macroscopic structure comprising at least one channel (22) through which the fluid can flow. The heating system further comprises at least two conductors (103,114) configured to electrically connect the structured body to at least one electrical power supply. The at least two conductors are electrically connected to the structured body at a first end (204) and at a second end (205), respectively, of a conductive path within the structured body. The structured body is configured to direct an electrical current to run along the conductive path from the first end to the second end thereof. The electrical power supply is configured to heat at least part of said structured body to a temperature of below 400° C. by passing an electrical current through said structured body during use of the heating system.

A positive temperature coefficient electric heater for a vehicle includes a support part, a control circuitry, and a first and a second radiating layers overlapping one another, each radiating layer having a plurality of heating rods extending from the support part and connected in parallel to the control circuitry. Each radiating layer has a first layer sector and a second layer sector controlled independently of one another. The radiating layers may be controlled independently of one another. In the first radiating layer, the second section of the heating rods is capable of generating greater thermal power than the first section of the heating rods and, in the second radiating layer, the first section of the heating rods is capable of generating greater thermal power than the second section of the heating rods.