Methods and systems for producing a change in a medium. A first method and system (1) place in a vicinity of the medium at least one upconverter including a gas for plasma ignition, with the upconverter being configured, upon exposure to initiation energy, to generate light for emission into the medium, and (2) apply the initiation energy from an energy source including the first wavelength λ.sub.1 to the medium, wherein the emitted light directly or indirectly produces the change in the medium. A second method and system (1) place in a vicinity of the medium an agent receptive to microwave radiation or radiofrequency radiation, and (2) apply as an initiation energy the microwave radiation or radiofrequency radiation by which the agent directly or indirectly generates emitted light in the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet range to produce at least one of physical and biological changes in the medium.

A sanitization apparatus includes an excimer lamp and a power converter. The power converter comprises a wide band gap device and a planar inductor. The wide band gap device is selectively switchable between a first mode wherein the inductor is electrically charged and a second mode wherein the inductor is electrically discharged. The wide band gap may be repeatedly switched between the first and second modes to generate a nano second pulse output voltage waveform.

A sanitization apparatus includes an excimer lamp, a power converter configured to power the excimer lamp and a controller. The controller is configured to monitor an impedance of the excimer lamp and vary an output voltage waveform of the power converter based upon the impedance.

An RF fluorescent lamp, comprising a bulbous vitreous portion of the RF fluorescent lamp comprising a vitreous envelope filled with a working gas mixture, a power coupler to induce an alternating electric field within the vitreous envelope, an electronic ballast, and a mercury amalgam accommodating structure mounted within the lamp envelope and adapted to absorb power from the electric field to rapidly heat and vaporize an amalgam of mercury to rapidly illuminate the lamp envelope during a turn-on phase of the RF fluorescent lamp, wherein the structure is comprised of a substrate material coated with a mixture of indium and gold.

A lighting unit (100) includes light emitting diode (LED) modules (120, 300) and a lighting driver (110, 200) connected to the LED modules. Each LED module includes LEDs (323) and an identification current source (324) supplying an identification current to an identification current output node (180, 380). All of the identification current output nodes are connected together to supply a total identification current having a magnitude which changes in response to the number of LED modules that are connected to the lighting driver. The lighting driver includes: a controllable current source (220 & 250) to supply an LED driving current to the LEDs of the LED modules, and a controller (230) that responds to the total identification current to control the controllable current source to supply the LED driving current at a magnitude which changes in response to the number of LED modules that are connected to the lighting driver.

An electronic device and circuit module thereof is provided. The circuit module includes a board, a boosting circuit and a plasma tube. The board has at least one through hole. The board is for being connected with a circuit board device with their thicknesswise sides opposite to each other. The boosting circuit is disposed on the board and includes at least one conductive path and a plurality of electronic components electrically connected to the at least one conductive path. The at least one conductive path includes a power input portion and two power output terminals. The power input portion is for being electrically connecting with a power output portion the circuit board device. At least one said electronic component is disposed within the through hole. Two opposite ends of the plasma tube have two electrodes electrically connected to the two power output terminals.

A multi-channel dual-mode digital control LED driving circuit and an LED lamp. The driving circuit comprises a current sampling module (10), a comparison and detection module (30), a digital control module (40) and a constant current control module (20). By means of feeding back an adjustment current for the load (70) by the digital control module (40), and feeding back and adjusting a current of the load (70) in real time by the constant current control module (20), the driving circuit adjusts the load (70) in real time, so that dual-mode cooperation working is realized, and thus a response speed is greatly improved, the accuracy of an output voltage and the current of the load (70) is improved, and at the same time, the system stability is enhanced and wide universality is achieved.

A multi-channel dual-mode digital control LED driving circuit and an LED lamp. The driving circuit comprises a current sampling module (10), a comparison and detection module (30), a digital control module (40) and a constant current control module (20). By means of feeding back an adjustment current for the load (70) by the digital control module (40), and feeding back and adjusting a current of the load (70) in real time by the constant current control module (20), the driving circuit adjusts the load (70) in real time, so that dual-mode cooperation working is realized, and thus a response speed is greatly improved, the accuracy of an output voltage and the current of the load (70) is improved, and at the same time, the system stability is enhanced and wide universality is achieved.

A lighting unit having a microcontroller; and a near field communication (NFC)-enabled embedded device comprising NFC shared memory configured to be written to by both an external NFC reader/writer using near field communication and the microcontroller and configured to enable an operation of the lighting unit to be both monitored and controlled using NFC. In this manner, the operation of a lighting unit may be monitored using NFC and controlled by using one of two approaches, such as via a microcontroller within the lighting unit and/or a near field communication, NFC, via the NFC-enabled embedded device; wherein the microcontroller is configured to manage a communication protocol to facilitate communications between the lighting unit and at least one other NFC-enabled device.

Converters (1) comprise switches (14) for in response to control signals controlling amplitudes of converter output signals and comprise control loops for in response to detections of the amplitudes of the converter output signals producing the control signals. The control loops comprise circuits (21-23) for in response to simple detections of the amplitudes counting a first number of first time-intervals for which the amplitudes are above or below reference amplitudes, for transforming counting results into the control signals having control values, and for in response to the first number of first time-intervals being equal to/larger than a reference number overruling the control values and producing control signals having first or second limit values. Complex detections of the amplitudes are no longer necessary. Simple detectors (3, 4) may detect the amplitudes of the output signals and amplitudes or phases of input signals or rectified versions thereof and produce binary signals destined for binary inputs of micro-controllers (2) comprising the circuits (21-23).