A chamber cross-sectional multi-stage plasma arrangement characterized by escalating charge movement towards chamber center axis through one or more escalation stages contributing to the heating of the plasma, the centering of the plasma on the chamber axis, and creating rotation of the plasma therein. Rotation of the plasma around its axis induces a self-generated magnetic field, which in turn increases plasma stability and confinement. Some of the said stages of the multi-stage arrangement may be created by physical elements and components while others may be induced or generated by externally applying magnetic and/or electric fields or their combinations and/or by injection of electrons, ions or other plasma.

A plasma reactor for a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) system, the system includes one or more plasma reactor modules, the one or more plasma modules are configured as transmission lines. A duration of a rise-time and/or a fall-time of a voltage pulse, fed into a first end of the one or more reactor modules is shorter than a run-time of the voltage pulse from a first end of the one or more reactor modules to a second end of the one or more reactor modules.

A plasma reactor for a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) system, the system includes one or more plasma reactor modules, the one or more plasma modules are configured as transmission lines. A duration of a rise-time and/or a fall-time of a voltage pulse, fed into a first end of the one or more reactor modules is shorter than a run-time of the voltage pulse from a first end of the one or more reactor modules to a second end of the one or more reactor modules.

The invention is for a material synthesis technology by microwave plasma torch with atmospheric pressure and high temperature. It includes a plasma torch system with atmosphere pressure & high temperature and a material growth system. In the plasma torch system the cutting-edge breakdown happens by inputting the high power microwave. Then the stable plasma torch with atmosphere pressure & high temperature generates under the avalanche effect of the cutting-edge breakdown by the solid precursor at the open-end of the cylindrical metal tube or the precursor carrier gas through the cylindrical metal tube. The result is that the precursors are decomposed and generates the active particles for material growth. In the material growth system the motion and ingredients proportion of negative and positive ions or particles in the active particle beam are controlled by the adjustable static electric field generated by the metal ring and the igniting & control electrode connecting to the external adjustable DC source. And the material growth space is heated by the heating system for the material growth. Then the material controlled growth is implemented by the heating system and the adjustable static electrical field.

The invention is for a material synthesis technology by microwave plasma torch with atmospheric pressure and high temperature. It includes a plasma torch system with atmosphere pressure & high temperature and a material growth system. In the plasma torch system the cutting-edge breakdown happens by inputting the high power microwave. Then the stable plasma torch with atmosphere pressure & high temperature generates under the avalanche effect of the cutting-edge breakdown by the solid precursor at the open-end of the cylindrical metal tube or the precursor carrier gas through the cylindrical metal tube. The result is that the precursors are decomposed and generates the active particles for material growth. In the material growth system the motion and ingredients proportion of negative and positive ions or particles in the active particle beam are controlled by the adjustable static electric field generated by the metal ring and the igniting & control electrode connecting to the external adjustable DC source. And the material growth space is heated by the heating system for the material growth. Then the material controlled growth is implemented by the heating system and the adjustable static electrical field.

A plasma interaction simulator is presented. The simulator magnetically induces multiple distinct flows of plasma within a physical plasma vessel. The plasma flows collide with each other at flow interaction boundaries where discontinuities arising due to differences between the flows give rise to interactions. Sensors can be incorporated into the plasma simulator to observe and collect data about the plasma flow interactions.

A plasma interaction simulator is presented. The simulator magnetically induces multiple distinct flows of plasma within a physical plasma vessel. The plasma flows collide with each other at flow interaction boundaries where discontinuities arising due to differences between the flows give rise to interactions. Sensors can be incorporated into the plasma simulator to observe and collect data about the plasma flow interactions.

A helium plasma characterised by an emission spectrum dominated by the 1s3p .sup.1P.sub.1 to 1s2 .sup.1S.sub.0 501.5 nm transmission line, and a pressure less than 510.sup.3 mbar. Methods and apparatus for igniting the plasma, and for using the plasma for pre-ionisation and glow discharge cleaning are also disclosed.

A helium plasma characterised by an emission spectrum dominated by the 1s3p .sup.1P.sub.1 to 1s2 .sup.1S.sub.0 501.5 nm transmission line, and a pressure less than 510.sup.3 mbar. Methods and apparatus for igniting the plasma, and for using the plasma for pre-ionisation and glow discharge cleaning are also disclosed.

A plasma generator includes a cylindrical containment housing, an anode in a confinement space within the containment housing and a cathode within the anode. The cylindrical containment housing includes an open end and a closed end. A base forms the closed end. That base includes a first gas inlet and a first gas outlet.