An assembly for adjusting gas flow patterns and gas-plasma interactions including a toroidal plasma chamber. The toroidal plasma chamber has an injection member, an output member, a first side member and a second side member that are all connected. The first side member has a first inner cross-sectional area in at least a portion of the first side member and a second inner cross-sectional area in at least another portion of the first side member, where the first inner cross-sectional area and the second inner-cross-sectional area being different. The second side member has a third inner cross-sectional area in at least a portion of the second side member and a fourth inner cross-sectional area in at least another portion of the second side member, where the third inner cross-sectional area and the fourth inner-cross-sectional area being different.

An assembly for adjusting gas flow patterns and gas-plasma interactions including a toroidal plasma chamber. The toroidal plasma chamber has an injection member, an output member, a first side member and a second side member that are all connected. The first side member has a first inner cross-sectional area in at least a portion of the first side member and a second inner cross-sectional area in at least another portion of the first side member, where the first inner cross-sectional area and the second inner-cross-sectional area being different. The second side member has a third inner cross-sectional area in at least a portion of the second side member and a fourth inner cross-sectional area in at least another portion of the second side member, where the third inner cross-sectional area and the fourth inner-cross-sectional area being different.

A toroidal field coil for generating a toroidal magnetic field in a nuclear fusion reactor comprising a toroidal plasma chamber having a central column. The toroidal field coil comprises a portion passing through the central column. The portion passing through the central chamber comprises: a low temperature superconductor, LTS, layer (21) formed from LTS; a high temperature superconductor, HTS, layer (22) formed from HTS and located radially outward of the LTS layer. a non-superconducting conductive layer (23) formed from electrically conducting, non-superconducting material and located radially outward of the HTS and LTS layers.

A toroidal field coil for generating a toroidal magnetic field in a nuclear fusion reactor comprising a toroidal plasma chamber having a central column. The toroidal field coil comprises a portion passing through the central column. The portion passing through the central chamber comprises: a low temperature superconductor, LTS, layer (21) formed from LTS; a high temperature superconductor, HTS, layer (22) formed from HTS and located radially outward of the LTS layer. a non-superconducting conductive layer (23) formed from electrically conducting, non-superconducting material and located radially outward of the HTS and LTS layers.

The present disclosure provides a stellarator magnet based on cubic permanent magnet blocks and an arrangement optimization method thereof. For the characteristic that a three-dimensional magnet coil of a stellarator is complex in structure, the present disclosure provides the stellarator magnet based on the cubic permanent magnet blocks with uniform magnetization, same magnetization and same size; the magnetization directions of the cubic permanent magnet blocks are defined in a limited number of fixed alternative directions; the magnetic field configuration of the stellarator is generated by dipole magnetic fields provided by the permanent magnet blocks and planar coils, so that the device complexity of the stellarator is reduced, and the difficulty and cost of the machining and installation of the magnet are reduced. The shape of the permanent magnet blocks can be replaced by other regular shapes, and the permanent magnet is still formed by the permanent magnet blocks with same shape, same size, uniform magnetization and same magnetization. For the magnet, the present disclosure provides a magnet arrangement optimization method of ‘local compensation’ and related optimization strategies of ‘threshold truncation,’ ‘global fine tuning,’ etc., for meeting different optimization requirements on accuracy of the magnetic fields, usage qualities of magnets, etc., and a magnetic field meeting designing requirements can be obtained.

A method and system for stably generating and accelerating magnetized plasma comprises ionizing an injected gas in plasma generator and generating a formation magnetic field to form a magnetized plasma with a closed poloidal field, generating a reverse poloidal field behind the magnetized plasma and having a same field direction as a back edge of the closed poloidal field and having an opposite field direction of the formation magnetic field, and generating a pushing toroidal field that pushes the reverse poloidal field against the closed poloidal field, thereby accelerating the magnetized plasma through a plasma accelerator downstream from the plasma generator. The reverse poloidal field serves to prevent the reconnection of the formation magnetic field and closed poloidal field after the magnetized plasma is formed, which would allow the pushing toroidal field to mix with the closed poloidal field and cause instability and reduced plasma confinement.

A method and system for stably generating and accelerating magnetized plasma comprises ionizing an injected gas in plasma generator and generating a formation magnetic field to form a magnetized plasma with a closed poloidal field, generating a reverse poloidal field behind the magnetized plasma and having a same field direction as a back edge of the closed poloidal field and having an opposite field direction of the formation magnetic field, and generating a pushing toroidal field that pushes the reverse poloidal field against the closed poloidal field, thereby accelerating the magnetized plasma through a plasma accelerator downstream from the plasma generator. The reverse poloidal field serves to prevent the reconnection of the formation magnetic field and closed poloidal field after the magnetized plasma is formed, which would allow the pushing toroidal field to mix with the closed poloidal field and cause instability and reduced plasma confinement.

A method of operating a nuclear fusion device. The nuclear fusion device comprises a toroidal plasma chamber and has poloidal field coils configured to form a plasma within the plasma chamber by one of merging compression and double null merging. A varying current is provided to the poloidal field coils. The varying current comprises a plurality of pulses. Each pulse comprises a plasma formation period having a rate of change of current which is opposite in sign to the current; and a merging period following the plasma formation period and having a current sufficiently low in magnitude as to allow plasmas within the chamber to merge into a single plasma. The current during the plasma formation period is varied such that the energy density of the single plasma immediately after merging is sufficient for fusion to occur.

A method of operating a nuclear fusion device. The nuclear fusion device comprises a toroidal plasma chamber and has poloidal field coils configured to form a plasma within the plasma chamber by one of merging compression and double null merging. A varying current is provided to the poloidal field coils. The varying current comprises a plurality of pulses. Each pulse comprises a plasma formation period having a rate of change of current which is opposite in sign to the current; and a merging period following the plasma formation period and having a current sufficiently low in magnitude as to allow plasmas within the chamber to merge into a single plasma. The current during the plasma formation period is varied such that the energy density of the single plasma immediately after merging is sufficient for fusion to occur.

A method and system for stably generating and accelerating magnetized plasma comprises ionizing an injected gas in a plasma generator and generating a formation magnetic field to form a magnetized plasma with a closed poloidal field, generating a reverse poloidal field behind the magnetized plasma and having a same field direction as a back edge of the closed poloidal field and having an opposite field direction of the formation magnetic field, and generating a pushing toroidal field that pushes the reverse poloidal field against the closed poloidal field, thereby accelerating the magnetized plasma through a plasma accelerator downstream from the plasma generator. The reverse poloidal field serves to prevent the reconnection of the formation magnetic field and closed poloidal field after the magnetized plasma is formed, which would allow the pushing toroidal field to mix with the closed poloidal field and cause instability and reduced plasma confinement.