Some embodiments are directed to a generator and separator assembly for generating ions via atmospheric pressure, low temperature plasma and separating the generated ions. The generator and separator assembly include a plasma generator for generating the generating atmospheric pressure, low temperature plasma that is configured to eject positively and negatively ions. A separator is disposed to receive the positively and negatively ions ejected from the plasma generator, and includes a first separator electrode; a second separator electrode spaced from the first separator electrode; and a separator power supply that supplies electric power in the form of at least one of different voltages and different polarities to the first and second electrodes ranging from 0 kV and 10 kV, such that the received positively charged ions are redirected in one direction and the received negatively charged ions are redirected to another direction different from the one direction.

A system using electrical discharge plasma (EDP) for treating a liquid, such as water or waste water to degrade or destroy polar contaminants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) compounds, the system includes a sealed process tank and multiple submerged EDP channels stacked horizontally. Each EDP channel consists of a cathode and an anode, a gas hood, and a gas diffuser. The basic submerged EDP channel is bounded by a plate at the bottom and a submerged gas hood at the top which creates a gas headspace, and hence, a local water surface to provide a local gas/liquid interface in each channel. The cathode lies above the local water surface and anode lies below the local water surface. Each EDP channel may have a gas diffuser at the bottom of the EDP channel for introducing a process gas into the liquid creating bubbles that carry contaminants in the liquid to the local gas/liquid interface. An electrical discharge arcs between the cathode and the anode to generate a plasma used for destruction of contaminants in the water or wastewater at the local gas/liquid interface.

A plasma generator includes a cathode, an anode, and a stabilizing electrode. The stabilizing electrode stabilises a region of plasma within a fluid. Methods of plasma generation and uses thereof are also provided.

A system for generation of radicals in a liquid (e.g., OH and derivatively H.sub.2O.sub.2 in water) by a plasma reactor, including a first electrode having a rod shape or a tubular shape; a dielectric tubular housing coaxial with the first electrode and enclosing the first electrode, and having a gap to the first electrode of 0.3-30 mm; a second electrode on an outside of the dielectric tubular housing and coaxial with first electrode with a gap 0.3-30 mm; a high voltage power supply providing voltage oscillations or pulses of 0.5-30 kV and a frequency 1-50 kHz between the first and second electrodes; and a pump or a Venturi injector on an output of the plasma reactor and a chock valve on an input of reactor for generating a low water pressure in the gap between first and second electrodes so as to generate boiling in the gap.

A water treatment device includes: an electrode structure installed in a storage space in which water is stored or in a flow space in which water flows so as to cause an underwater plasma discharge; and a gas supply module for supplying a gas to the storage space or the flow space such that bubbles are supplied underwater, as a discharge gas, to the electrode structure, wherein the electrode structure includes: a first electrode; a second electrode disposed opposite the first electrode; and a dielectric member disposed in a space between the first electrode and the second electrode.

A submerged plasma generator includes: a reactor inside of which a flow path, through which a working fluid passes, is formed along a lengthwise direction; and a dielectric insert which is disposed in the flow path so as to define the flow path into one space and the other space, and has formed therein a through-hole to generate micro-nano bubbles by cavitation in the working fluid fed into the one space of the flow path, and includes, a metallic catalyst which undergoes friction with the working fluid flowing through the through-hole and releases electric charges of the same polarity to the micro-nano bubbles to collapse the micro-nano bubbles and generate plasma; in which the other space of the flow path in which the working fluid ionized by exposure to the plasma travels is formed in an oval structure.

Some embodiments are directed to a decomposing and collection apparatus for use with a fluid. The apparatus includes an assembly for generating ions via applying atmospheric pressure, low temperature plasma to the fluid and separating the generated ions. The assembly includes multiple plasma generator and separator units that are vertically stacked relative to each other. Each of the multiple plasma generator and separator units includes a plasma generator for generating the generating atmospheric pressure, low temperature plasma, and a separator disposed to receive the positively and negatively ions ejected from the plasma generator and configured to redirect the received positively charged ions in one direction and the received negatively charged ions are redirected to another direction different from the one direction. The apparatus also includes a collector configured to collect at least one of the redirected positively charged ions and the negatively charged ions.

An electric discharge device according to the present disclosure includes a discharge electrode, a counter electrode, a voltage application circuit, and a liquid supply unit. The discharge electrode is a columnar electrode. The counter electrode faces the discharge electrode. The voltage application circuit applies an application voltage between the discharge electrode and the counter electrode. The liquid supply unit supplies liquid to the discharge electrode. The liquid extends and contracts along a central axis of the discharge electrode by discharge. The counter electrode includes a peripheral electrode part and a projecting electrode part. In a direction along the central axis of the discharge electrode, a tip of the liquid in a state in which the liquid extends is located at the same position as an outer peripheral edge of the peripheral electrode part or located closer to the discharge electrode than the outer peripheral edge.

This disclosure provides methods, systems, and compositions of matter for studying solvent accessibility and three-dimensional structure of biological molecules. A plasma can be used to generate marker radicals, which can interact with a biological molecule and mark the solvent-accessible portions of the biological molecule.

A power generator is described that provides at least one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for reactions involving atomic hydrogen hydrogen products identifiable by unique analytical and spectroscopic signatures, (ii) a molten metal injection system comprising at least one pump such as an electromagnetic pump that provides a molten metal stream to the reaction cell and at least one reservoir that receives the molten metal stream, and (iii) an ignition system comprising an electrical power source that provides low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to the at least one steam of molten metal to ignite a plasma to initiate rapid kinetics of the reaction and an energy gain. In some embodiments, the power generator may comprise: (v) a source of H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 supplied to the plasma, (vi) a molten metal recovery system, and (vii) a power converter capable of (a) converting the high-power light output from a blackbody radiator of the cell into electricity using concentrator thermophotovoltaic cells or (b) converting the energetic plasma into electricity using a magnetohydrodynamic converter.