A cryogen-free high-temperature superconductor undulator structure is provided. The superconductor undulator structure includes a magnetic core body and a coil structure. The magnetic core body includes a first and a second half magnetic pole arrays that are vertically aligned, a plurality of first winding cores in the first half magnetic pole array, and a plurality of second winding cores in the second half magnetic pole array. The coil structure is wound on the first winding cores and the second winding cores of the magnetic core body. The coil structure includes a plurality of first superconductor tapes in contact with each of the first winding cores and each of the second winding cores, and a plurality of second superconductor tapes, each of the second superconductor tapes is in contact with two adjacent first superconductor tapes. A method of manufacturing a cryogen-free high-temperature superconductor undulator structure is also provided.

A light source for high power coherent light can include multiparticle relativistic bunches of electrons generating high intensity propagating fields. Coherent emission between electrons may also be utilized. The source may be independent of any medium or media to remove all constraints on the wavelength of the light emitted. And at least a portion of a single alternating magnetic field for accelerating the electron bunches can be included. The color or wavelength of the produced light can be determined solely by the parameters of the electron bunches and the alternating field. The source can be used for imaging, such as medical imaging or for security, including concealed weapons, and for quality control.

A light source for high power coherent light can include multiparticle relativistic bunches of electrons generating high intensity propagating fields. Coherent emission between electrons may also be utilized. The source may be independent of any medium or media to remove all constraints on the wavelength of the light emitted. And at least a portion of a single alternating magnetic field for accelerating the electron bunches can be included. The color or wavelength of the produced light can be determined solely by the parameters of the electron bunches and the alternating field. The source can be used for imaging, such as medical imaging or for security, including concealed weapons, and for quality control.

Superconducting undulators (SCUs) require thermal control of large heat loads for proper operation and to provide high radiation output powers. A conduction cooling apparatus for an SCU device includes a beam chamber having a hollow core inside of the beam chamber along a length of the beam chamber. The hollow core allows charged particles to pass through the hollow core of the beam chamber to generate output radiation. A beam chamber holder is physically and thermally coupled to the beam chamber to maintain a position, and control a temperature of, the beam chamber. At least one magnet is configured to provide a magnetic field to the hollow core, and at least one cooling bar is physically and thermally coupled to the magnet. A cooling source is thermally coupled to both the beam chamber holder and the cooling bar to provide cooling capacity to the beam chamber and the magnet.

A cryogen-free high-temperature superconductor undulator structure is provided. The superconductor undulator structure includes a magnetic core body and a coil structure. The magnetic core body includes a first and a second half magnetic pole arrays that are vertically aligned, a plurality of first winding cores in the first half magnetic pole array, and a plurality of second winding cores in the second half magnetic pole array. The coil structure is wound on the first winding cores and the second winding cores of the magnetic core body. The coil structure includes a plurality of first superconductor tapes in contact with each of the first winding cores and each of the second winding cores, and a plurality of second superconductor tapes, each of the second superconductor tapes is in contact with two adjacent first superconductor tapes. A method of manufacturing a cryogen-free high-temperature superconductor undulator structure is also provided.

A method of patterning lithographic substrates that includes using a free electron laser to generate EUV radiation and delivering the EUV radiation to a lithographic apparatus which projects the EUV radiation onto lithographic substrates. The method further includes reducing fluctuations in the power of EUV radiation delivered to the lithographic substrates by using a feedback-based control loop to monitor the free electron laser and adjust operation of the free electron laser accordingly, and applying variable attenuation to EUV radiation that has been output by the free electron laser in order to further control the power of EUV radiation delivered to the lithographic apparatus.

A compact radio-frequency quadrupole ‘RFQ’ accelerator for accelerating charged particles, the RFQ accelerator comprising: a bunching section configured to have a narrow radio-frequency ‘rf’ acceptance such that only a portion of a particle beam incident on the bunching section is captured, and wherein the bunching section bunches the portion of the particle beam; an accelerating section for accelerating the bunched portion of the particle beam to an output energy; and, a means for supplying radio-frequency power.

A hybrid linear accelerator is disclosed comprising a standing wave linear accelerator section (“SW section”) followed by a travelling wave linear accelerator section (“TW section”). In one example, RF power is provided to the TW section and power not used by the TW section is provided to the SW section via a waveguide. An RF switch, an RF phase adjuster, and/or an RF power adjuster is provided along the waveguide to change the energy and/or phase of the RF power provided to the SW section. In another example, RF power is provided to both the SW section and the TW section, and RF power not used by the TW section is provided to the SW section, via an RF switch, an RF phase adjuster, and/or an RF power. In another example, an RF load is matched to the output of the TW section by an RF switch.

A Hybrid (SW+TW) Linear Acellerator is disclosed having high beam efficiency and broad energy regulation that is useful for security inspection, non-destructive testing, radiotherapy, and electron beam irradiation of objects. The Hybrid Linear Accelerator (LINAC) provides superior energy regulation, and includes a reversed RF power distribution which substantially improves RF power utilization, thereby eliminating need for an output RF load, and ensuring broad electron beam energy regulation operating in a broad range of input RF power, thereby efficiently running at a variety of input electron beam current intensities at high efficiency. The Hybrid LINAC may be equipped with a fast and/or slow phase shifter and/or a power regulator having a phase shifter and a current regulator, while operating much more efficiently than known LINACS. The Hybrid LINAC permits efficient operation without an external magnetic field, thereby avoiding use of a power-consuming solenoid, consequently reducing cost of production, operation, and maintenance.

An undulator is adapted to a synchrotron storage ring or free electron lasers (FEL), especially to an undulator capable of switching polarization mode rapidly. In comparison with the EPU (elliptically polarized undulator) of APPLE II (Advanced Planar Polarized Light Emitter II) which conceived by Dr. S. Sasaki, the provided undulator does not use mechanical transmission mechanisms to drive the four magnetic pole arrays composed of permanent magnets. Hence, the polarization mode can be switched rapidly. Moreover, a polarization method of electron beam is also provided.