A metal substrate includes a first insulating substrate, a second insulating substrate, a first metal layer, a second metal layer and a release layer. The first insulating substrate has a first modified surface and a second surface opposite to the first modified surface. The first metal layer faces the second surface. The release layer is bonded on the first modified surface. The second insulating substrate is bonded on a side of the release layer, such that the release layer is between the first modified surface and the second insulating substrate. The second metal layer is disposed on a side of the second insulating substrate, such that the second insulating substrate is between the release layer and the second metal layer. An original surface roughness of the first modified surface has a variation substantially less than 10% after the first modified surface is released from the release layer.

An electronic device includes: a housing and a printed circuit board (PCB) structure disposed in the housing. The PCB structure includes a circuit board including an opening area formed through a first surface of the circuit board and a second surface of the circuit board opposite the first surface and a conductive pattern formed in a peripheral area around the opening area, a plate disposed on the second surface of the circuit board covering the opening area, an electronic element disposed on the plate and electrically connected with the circuit board, a resin portion disposed between the plate and the circuit board and extending from the conductive pattern, the resin portion including a conductive material, and a solder portion formed between the resin portion and the plate.

##STR00001##

A method of manufacturing a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) including an inkjet printing step wherein a radiation curable inkjet ink comprising at least one polymerizable compound and at least one photoinitiator is jetted and cured on a substrate, characterized in that the at least one photoinitiator has a chemical structure according to Formula I, wherein X represents a halogen; R1 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group; R2 and R3 are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitited alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group and a halogen; R1 together with R2 and R2 together with R3 may represent the necessary atoms to form a five to eight membered ring.

A system for effectively curing dry film ink throughout its thickness on circuit boards being made applies an exposure system, a circuit board, and a method for making the circuit board. The exposure system includes a plurality of mixed light sources with different wavelengths within a range of 365 nm to 440 nm, the mixed light sources can output at least three different wavelengths of light each of substantially a single wavelength and a fourth source of light able to output light of a spectrum of wavelengths, the ranges of light being between 365 nm and 440 nm.

The disclosure relates to thermosetting reinforced resin compositions and methods of forming boards, sheets and/or films using of porous particulates impregnated with embedded live monomer and/or oligomer and/or polymer configured to partially leach out a functional terminal end of the live monomer and/or oligomer and/or polymer and react with a cross-linking agent and photoinitiated polymer radicals to form a reinforced board, sheet and/or film of hybrid interpenetrating networks.

A system for effectively curing dry film ink throughout its thickness on circuit boards being made applies an exposure system, a circuit board, and a method for making the circuit board. The exposure system includes a plurality of mixed light sources with different wavelengths within a range of 365 nm to 440 nm, the mixed light sources can output at least three different wavelengths of light each of substantially a single wavelength and a fourth source of light able to output light of a spectrum of wavelengths, the ranges of light being between 365 nm and 440 nm.

A circuit board structure includes a circuit board and an adhesive layer. The circuit board has a first board surface and an opposite second board surface, and the first board surface defines a predetermined portion. The circuit board has a conductive circuit disposed on the first board surface and at least partially arranged on the predetermined portion. The adhesive layer is seamlessly formed on the predetermined portion of the first board surface of the circuit board, and the conductive circuit arranged on the predetermined portion is seamlessly covered by the adhesive layer. A surface of the adhesive layer arranged away from the circuit board is a planar bonding surface.

A method for connecting an electronic component to a circuit board is disclosed. Initially, a substrate and an electronic component having solder located between them are placed under a flashlamp. Multiple light pulses from the flashlamp are applied to the electronic component, substrate and solder until the solder reflows. During the application of the light pulses, the power of one of the light pulses from the flashlamp and the temperature of the electronic component are measured, the measured power is converted to radiant exposure, and in response to the measured temperature of the electronic component, the duty cycle of a next light pulse is adjusted adaptively according to the radiant exposure of the one light pulse.

A method for connecting an electronic component to a circuit board is disclosed. Initially, a substrate and an electronic component having solder located between them are placed under a flashlamp. Multiple light pulses from the flashlamp are applied to the electronic component, substrate and solder until the solder reflows. During the application of the light pulses, the power of one of the light pulses from the flashlamp and the temperature of the electronic component are measured, the measured power is converted to radiant exposure, and in response to the measured temperature of the electronic component, the duty cycle of a next light pulse is adjusted adaptively according to the radiant exposure of the one light pulse.

A method for producing an electrically conductive thin film on a substrate is disclosed. Initially, a reducible metal compound and a reducing agent are dispersed in a liquid. The dispersion is then deposited on a substrate as a thin film. The thin film along with the substrate is subsequently exposed to a pulsed electromagnetic emission to chemically react with the reducible metal compound and the reducing agent such that the thin film becomes electrically conductive.