Disclosed is a tandem solar cell according to an aspect including: a silicon lower cell; a perovskite upper cell disposed on the silicon lower cell; and a bonding layer for bonding the silicon lower cell and the perovskite upper cell between the silicon lower cell and the perovskite upper cell, wherein the front surface portion of the silicon lower cell being in contact with the bonding layer includes a texture structure, the bonding layer includes a first transparent electrode layer formed on the sidewall of the texture structure, a buried layer filling concave portions of the texture structure on the first transparent electrode layer, and a second transparent electrode layer on top surfaces of the buried layer, the first transparent electrode layer and the texture structure.

A method for operating a photovoltaic module in which the photovoltaic module has at least one perovskite solar cell. The method includes temporarily operating the photovoltaic module at the maximum power point by a control device connected to the photovoltaic module, wherein the drawing of electrical energy is interrupted when the irradiance of electromagnetic radiation impinging on the photovoltaic module falls below a predetermined threshold value. A photovoltaic device includes a photovoltaic module having at least one perovskite solar cell, and a control device connected to the photovoltaic module.

A photoelectric conversion device includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other, a photoelectric conversion layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and configured to absorb light in at least one part of a wavelength spectrum of light and to convert it into an electric signal, and an organic auxiliary layer between the first electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer and having a higher charge mobility than a charge mobility of the photoelectric conversion layer. An organic sensor may include the photoelectric conversion device. An electronic device may include the organic sensor.

A photoelectric device includes a first photoelectric conversion layer including a heterojunction that includes a first p-type semiconductor and a first n-type semiconductor, a second photoelectric conversion layer on the first photoelectric conversion layer and including a heterojunction that includes a second p-type semiconductor and a second n-type semiconductor. A peak absorption wavelength (λ.sub.max1) of the first photoelectric conversion layer and a peak absorption wavelength (λ.sub.max2) of the second photoelectric conversion layer are included in a common wavelength spectrum of light that is one wavelength spectrum of light of a red wavelength spectrum of light, a green wavelength spectrum of light, a blue wavelength spectrum of light, a near infrared wavelength spectrum of light, or an ultraviolet wavelength spectrum of light, and a light-absorption full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the second photoelectric conversion layer is narrower than an FWHM of the first photoelectric conversion layer.

Embodiments include photoactive regions of organic photovoltaic cells including an n-type dopant or a mixture of n-type dopants, one or more electron donor materials, and one or more electron acceptor materials. Embodiments further include n-type dopants, photoactive regions of organic photovoltaics comprising n-type dopants, methods of preparing photoactive regions comprising n-type dopants, organic photovoltaics comprising n-type doped photoactive regions, and the like.

A solar cell includes a first substrate, a first hole transport layer, a first photoelectric conversion layer containing a perovskite compound, and a second photoelectric conversion layer containing a photoelectric conversion material in this order. A band gap of the perovskite compound is greater than a band gap of the photoelectric conversion material. With respect to an absorption wavelength of the first photoelectric conversion layer 3, a refractive index n.sub.A of the first hole transport layer 2 satisfies refractive index of the first substrate≤n.sub.A≤refractive index of the first photoelectric conversion layer. Further, with respect to a transmission wavelength of the first photoelectric conversion layer 3 and an absorption wavelength of the second photoelectric conversion layer 5, a refractive index n.sub.B of the first hole transport layer 2 satisfies refractive index of the first substrate≤n.sub.B≤refractive index of the first photoelectric conversion layer.

A method of fabricating a four junction solar cell having an upper first solar subcell composed of a semiconductor material including aluminum and having a first band gap; a second solar subcell adjacent to said first solar subcell and composed of a semiconductor material having a second band gap smaller than the first band gap and being lattice matched with the upper first solar subcell; a third solar subcell adjacent to said second solar subcell and composed of a semiconductor material having a third band gap smaller than the second band gap and being lattice matched with the second solar subcell; and a fourth solar subcell adjacent to and lattice matched with said third solar subcell and composed of a semiconductor material having a fourth band gap smaller than the third band gap; wherein the fourth subcell has a direct bandgap of greater than 0.75 eV.

A solar cell includes a first substrate, a first electrode layer, a first electron transport layer, a first photoelectric conversion layer, a first hole transport layer, a second electrode layer, a third electrode layer, a second electron transport layer, a second photoelectric conversion layer, a second hole transport layer, a fourth electrode layer, and a second substrate that are disposed in the order stated. The first photoelectric conversion layer includes a first perovskite compound, and the second photoelectric conversion layer includes a second perovskite compound. The first perovskite compound has a bandgap greater than a bandgap of the second perovskite compound.

A solar cell device is presented. The solar cell device comprises a layered structure comprising an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer and a heterojunction interface region between the electron transport and hole transport layers configured to define at least one charge generation region forming at least one junction between them, wherein at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer comprises at least one modulated doping layer at a predetermined distance from said at least one junction, said at least one modulated doping layer thereby inducing variation of an energy band structure at a vicinity of said at least one junction generating electric field applied to charge carriers increasing efficiency of generation and/or collection of the charge carriers.

A solar cell device is presented. The solar cell device comprises a layered structure comprising an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer and a heterojunction interface region between the electron transport and hole transport layers configured to define at least one charge generation region forming at least one junction between them, wherein at least one of the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer comprises at least one modulated doping layer at a predetermined distance from said at least one junction, said at least one modulated doping layer thereby inducing variation of an energy band structure at a vicinity of said at least one junction generating electric field applied to charge carriers increasing efficiency of generation and/or collection of the charge carriers.