Provided herein is a thermoelectric element that includes a cold end, a hot end, and a p-type or n-type material having a length between the hot end and the cold end. The p-type or n-type material has an intrinsic Seebeck coefficient (S), an electrical resistivity (ρ), and a thermal conductivity (λ). Each of two or more of S, ρ, and λ generally increases along the length from the cold end to the hot end. The thermoelectric element may be provided in single-stage thermoelectric devices providing enhanced maximum temperature differences. The single-stage thermoelectric devices maybe combined with one another to provide multi-stage thermoelectric devices with even further enhanced maximum temperature differences.

Provided herein is a thermoelectric element that includes a cold end, a hot end, and a p-type or n-type material having a length between the hot end and the cold end. The p-type or n-type material has an intrinsic Seebeck coefficient (S), an electrical resistivity (ρ), and a thermal conductivity (λ). Each of two or more of S, ρ, and λ generally increases along the length from the cold end to the hot end. The thermoelectric element may be provided in single-stage thermoelectric devices providing enhanced maximum temperature differences. The single-stage thermoelectric devices maybe combined with one another to provide multi-stage thermoelectric devices with even further enhanced maximum temperature differences.

Provided are: a thermoelectric conversion body that has high electrical conductivity, achieving high thermoelectric conversion efficiency when used in a thermoelectric conversion module, and is less susceptible to warpage during manufacture; a method for manufacturing the same; and a thermoelectric conversion module using the same. A thermoelectric conversion body that is a fired product of a composition containing a thermoelectric semiconductor material and a heat resistant resin, wherein, with the heat resistant resin being subjected to temperature elevation and a weight of the heat resistant resin at 400° C. being defined as 100%, a temperature at which the heat resistant resin undergoes a further 5% reduction in weight is 480° C. or lower; a thermoelectric conversion module including the thermoelectric conversion body; and a method for manufacturing the thermoelectric conversion body.

Provided are: a thermoelectric conversion body that has high electrical conductivity, achieving high thermoelectric conversion efficiency when used in a thermoelectric conversion module, and is less susceptible to warpage during manufacture; a method for manufacturing the same; and a thermoelectric conversion module using the same. A thermoelectric conversion body that is a fired product of a composition containing a thermoelectric semiconductor material and a heat resistant resin, wherein, with the heat resistant resin being subjected to temperature elevation and a weight of the heat resistant resin at 400° C. being defined as 100%, a temperature at which the heat resistant resin undergoes a further 5% reduction in weight is 480° C. or lower; a thermoelectric conversion module including the thermoelectric conversion body; and a method for manufacturing the thermoelectric conversion body.

The present invention relates to a concrete composite comprising concrete and a thermoelectric material, wherein the thermoelectric material comprises a complex sulphide mineral, wherein the composite comprises at least 20 wt % concrete.

An electrochemical cell comprises a first electrode having a first inner surface; a second electrode having a second inner surface, the second inner surface facing the first inner surface; a nanostructured material positioned on at least one of the first inner surface and second inner surface; and an ionic liquid positioned between the first inner surface and the second inner surface, the ionic liquid being in electrical communication with the first electrode and second electrode.

An electrochemical cell comprises a first electrode having a first inner surface; a second electrode having a second inner surface, the second inner surface facing the first inner surface; a nanostructured material positioned on at least one of the first inner surface and second inner surface; and an ionic liquid positioned between the first inner surface and the second inner surface, the ionic liquid being in electrical communication with the first electrode and second electrode.

A thermoelectric conversion element includes a thermoelectric conversion material portion having a compound semiconductor composed of first base material element A and second base material element B and represented by A.sub.x-cB.sub.y with value of x being smaller by c with respect to a compound A.sub.xB.sub.y according to a stoichiometric ratio, a first electrode disposed in contact with the thermoelectric conversion material portion, and a second electrode disposed in contact with the thermoelectric conversion material portion and apart from the first electrode. An A-B phase diagram includes a first region corresponding to low temperature phase, second region corresponding to high temperature phase, and third region corresponding to coexisting phase, sandwiched between the low temperature phase and the high temperature phase, in which the low and high temperature phases coexist. A temperature at a boundary between the first region and the third region changes monotonically with a change in c.

A thermoelectric conversion element includes a thermoelectric conversion material portion having a compound semiconductor composed of first base material element A and second base material element B and represented by A.sub.x-cB.sub.y with value of x being smaller by c with respect to a compound A.sub.xB.sub.y according to a stoichiometric ratio, a first electrode disposed in contact with the thermoelectric conversion material portion, and a second electrode disposed in contact with the thermoelectric conversion material portion and apart from the first electrode. An A-B phase diagram includes a first region corresponding to low temperature phase, second region corresponding to high temperature phase, and third region corresponding to coexisting phase, sandwiched between the low temperature phase and the high temperature phase, in which the low and high temperature phases coexist. A temperature at a boundary between the first region and the third region changes monotonically with a change in c.

An ambient heat energy converter includes a first positive evaporating electrode which functions as the cathode, a membrane separator, a porous barrier membrane, and a second, negative condensing electrode which functions as the anode. Electrodes and are porous and facilitate hydrogen-oxygen reactions that electrolyze and reduce water respectively. Porous barrier membrane allows water and protons to pass through but prevents hygroscopic acid or base ions in condensing electrode from passing through, only water and protons can pass. During operation, membrane separator's high affinity for liquid water maintains a tension that pulls liquid water through porous barrier membrane from condensing electrode. Barrier membrane does not allow ions other than water that comprise the hygroscopic material in condensing electrode to pass through. Conversely, the hygroscopic nature of condensing electrode maintains water tension in the opposite direction. A housing surrounds the electrodes and creates a free flowing path.