A method of producing an outcoupling element for an optoelectronic component includes A) providing quantum dots each having a core made of a semiconductor material, B) applying an inorganic or a phosphonate-containing ligand shell on a respective core of the quantum dots, and C) introducing the quantum dots with the ligand shell into a matrix material, wherein introducibility of the quantum dots with the ligand shell is facilitated compared to the quantum dots produced in step A), and the outcoupling element is transparent for radiation from the red and/or IR region.

A quantum dot particle in which an ionic liquid is ion-bonded is disclosed. The quantum dot particle includes a quantum dot having a core/shell nanostructure; and an ionic liquid compound represented by following Chemical Formula 1, bonded to the surface of the quantum dot, wherein the quantum dot and the ionic liquid compound form an ionic bond:

##STR00001##

wherein,

R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, and X.sup. is a monovalent anion, wherein the hydrocarbon group includes a saturated or unsaturated group and may include one or more hetero atoms.

The perovskite solar cell (PSC) includes a first layer containing a conducting material coated glass plate as a substrate, a second layer containing copper doped nickel oxide, a third layer containing a perovskite, a fourth layer containing nitrogen (N)-doped graphene quantum dots, a fifth layer containing phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester and a top layer including conductive layer. A method for producing the perovskite solar cell is also discussed.

The perovskite solar cell (PSC) includes a first layer containing a conducting material coated glass plate as a substrate, a second layer containing copper doped nickel oxide, a third layer containing a perovskite, a fourth layer containing nitrogen (N)-doped graphene quantum dots, a fifth layer containing phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester and a top layer including conductive layer. A method for producing the perovskite solar cell is also discussed.

The present invention provides methods for making polymerizable monomer compositions comprising purifying a (b) monomer mixture of (i) one or more monomers having at least two polymerizable vinyl groups and (ii) one or more monomers having a single polymerizable vinyl group as part of a (meth)acrylate ester group by any one or more of treating the monomer mixture in an activated porous alumina or silica column, sieve drying the monomer mixture in a vacuum followed by drying over dried molecular sieves having average pore sizes of from 2 to 20 Angstroms, freeze-pump-thaw (FPT) treating by freezing the monomer mixture in a vessel or container to a temperature below 75 C., degassing the monomer mixture by application of vacuum in the range of 10.sup.2 to 10.sup.2 Pa, sealing the vessel or container under vacuum, and thawing the composition to room temperature; and, combining in an inert gas atmosphere the resulting monomer mixture (b) with a composition (a) of quantum dots in dry form or organic solvent solution.

The perovskite solar cell (PSC) includes a first layer containing a conducting material coated glass plate as a substrate, a second layer containing copper doped nickel oxide, a third layer containing a perovskite, a fourth layer containing nitrogen (N)-doped graphene quantum dots, a fifth layer containing phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester and a top layer including conductive layer. A method for producing the perovskite solar cell is also discussed.

A method of producing an outcoupling element for an optoelectronic component includes A) providing quantum dots each having a core made of a semiconductor material, B) applying an inorganic or a phosphonate-containing ligand shell on a respective core of the quantum dots, and C) introducing the quantum dots with the ligand shell into a matrix material, wherein introducibility of the quantum dots with the ligand shell is facilitated compared to the quantum dots produced in step A), and the outcoupling element is transparent for radiation from the red and/or IR region.

A semiconductor structure includes a nanocrystalline core comprising a first semiconductor material, and at least one nanocrystalline shell comprising a second, different, semiconductor material that at least partially surrounds the nanocrystalline core. The nanocrystalline core and the nanocrystalline shell(s) form a quantum dot. An insulator layer encapsulates the quantum dot to create a coated quantum dot, and at least one additional insulator layer encapsulates the coated quantum dot.

The present invention provides methods for making polymerizable monomer compositions comprising purifying a (b) monomer mixture of (i) one or more monomers having at least two polymerizable vinyl groups and (ii) one or more monomers having a single polymerizable vinyl group as part of a (meth)acrylate ester group by any one or more of treating the monomer mixture in an activated porous alumina or silica column, sieve drying the monomer mixture in a vacuum followed by drying over dried molecular sieves having average pore sizes of from 2 to 20 Angstroms, freeze-pump-thaw (FPT) treating by freezing the monomer mixture in a vessel or container to a temperature below 75 C., degassing the monomer mixture by application of vacuum in the range of 10.sup.2 to 10.sup.2 Pa, sealing the vessel or container under vacuum, and thawing the composition to room temperature; and, combining in an inert gas atmosphere the resulting monomer mixture (b) with a composition (a) of quantum dots in dry form or organic solvent solution.

The perovskite solar cell (PSC) includes a first layer containing a conducting material coated glass plate as a substrate, a second layer containing copper doped nickel oxide, a third layer containing a perovskite, a fourth layer containing nitrogen (N)-doped graphene quantum dots, a fifth layer containing phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester and a top layer including conductive layer. A method for producing the perovskite solar cell is also discussed.