An apparatus comprising: a fermion source nanolayer (90); a first insulating nanolayer (92); a fermion transport nanolayer (94); a second insulating nanolayer (96); a fermion sink nanolayer (98); a first contact for applying a first voltage to the fermion source nanolayer; a second contact for applying a second voltage to the fermion sink nanolayer; and a transport contact for enabling an electric current via the fermion transport nanolayer. In a particular example, the apparatus comprises three graphene sheets (90, 94, 98) interleaved with two-dimensional Boron-Nitride (hBN) layers (92, 96).

Stabilized luminescent nanoparticles for light emitting diode applications comprise perovskite nanocrystals encapsulated by an oxide coating, where the oxide coating includes ligand remnants comprising one or more elements selected from the group consisting of: nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur. A method of making the stabilized luminescent nanoparticles comprises dispersing perovskite nanocrystals and crosslinking ligands in a non-polar solvent to form a first mixture. Each of the crosslinking ligands comprises a head end and a tail end; the head ends attach to the perovskite nanocrystals and the tail ends remain unattached and available for crosslinking. An oxide precursor comprising crosslinking functional groups is added to the first mixture, and the crosslinking functional groups attach to the tail ends of the crosslinking ligands. Thus, an oxide coating is formed on the perovskite nanocrystals.

Methods and apparatus for producing chemical nanostructures having multiple elements, such as boron and nitride, e.g. boron nitride nanotubes, are disclosed. The method comprises creating a plasma jet, or plume, such as by an arc discharge. The plasma plume is elongated and has a temperature gradient along its length. It extends along its length into a port connector area having ports for introduction of feed materials. The feed materials include the multiple elements, which are introduced separately as fluids or powders at multiple ports along the length of the plasma plume, said ports entering the plasma plume at different temperatures. The method further comprises modifying a temperature at a distal portion of or immediately downstream of said plasma plume; and collecting said chemical nanostructures after said modifying.

Methods and apparatus for producing chemical nanostructures having multiple elements, such as boron and nitride, e.g. boron nitride nanotubes, are disclosed. The method comprises creating a plasma jet, or plume, such as by an arc discharge. The plasma plume is elongated and has a temperature gradient along its length. It extends along its length into a port connector area having ports for introduction of feed materials. The feed materials include the multiple elements, which are introduced separately as fluids or powders at multiple ports along the length of the plasma plume, said ports entering the plasma plume at different temperatures. The method further comprises modifying a temperature at a distal portion of or immediately downstream of said plasma plume; and collecting said chemical nanostructures after said modifying.

Stabilized luminescent nanoparticles for light emitting diode applications comprise perovskite nanocrystals encapsulated by an oxide coating, where the oxide coating includes ligand remnants comprising one or more elements selected from the group consisting of: nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur. A method of making the stabilized luminescent nanoparticles comprises dispersing perovskite nanocrystals and crosslinking ligands in a non-polar solvent to form a first mixture. Each of the crosslinking ligands comprises a head end and a tail end; the head ends attach to the perovskite nanocrystals and the tail ends remain unattached and available for crosslinking. An oxide precursor comprising crosslinking functional groups is added to the first mixture, and the crosslinking functional groups attach to the tail ends of the crosslinking ligands. Thus, an oxide coating is formed on the perovskite nanocrystals.

An apparatus comprising: a fermion source nanolayer (90); a first insulating nanolayer (92); a fermion transport nanolayer (94); a second insulating nanolayer (96); a fermion sink nanolayer (98); a first contact for applying a first voltage to the fermion source nanolayer; a second contact for applying a second voltage to the fermion sink nanolayer; and a transport contact for enabling an electric current via the fermion transport nanolayer. In a particular example, the apparatus comprises three graphene sheets (90, 94, 98) interleaved with two-dimensional Boron-Nitride (hBN) layers (92, 96).