Disclosed are cup assemblies for holding, sealing, and providing electrical power to a semiconductor substrate during electroplating which may include a cup bottom element having a main body portion and a moment arm, an elastomeric sealing element disposed on the moment arm, and an electrical contact element disposed on the elastomeric sealing element. The main body portion may be such that it does not substantially flex when a substrate is pressed against the moment arm, and it may be rigidly affixed to another feature of the cup structure. The ratio of the average vertical thickness of the main body portion to that of the moment arm may be greater than about 5. The electrical contact element may have a substantially flat but flexible contact portion disposed upon a substantially horizontal portion of the sealing element. The elastomeric sealing element may be integrated with the cup bottom element during manufacturing.

Disclosed are cup assemblies for holding, sealing, and providing electrical power to a semiconductor substrate during electroplating which may include a cup bottom element having a main body portion and a moment arm, an elastomeric sealing element disposed on the moment arm, and an electrical contact element disposed on the elastomeric sealing element. The main body portion may be such that it does not substantially flex when a substrate is pressed against the moment arm, and it may be rigidly affixed to another feature of the cup structure. The ratio of the average vertical thickness of the main body portion to that of the moment arm may be greater than about 5. The electrical contact element may have a substantially flat but flexible contact portion disposed upon a substantially horizontal portion of the sealing element. The elastomeric sealing element may be integrated with the cup bottom element during manufacturing.

A conduit fitting of the type having first and second threaded fitting components and at least one conduit gripping device, further includes a stroke limiting member that allows the fitting to be pulled up by applying a predetermined torque. In one embodiment, the stroke limiting member may be a non-integral torque collar and in another embodiment the stroke limiting member may be two engaging surfaces integrally formed with the fitting components. Alternatively, the fitting may also be pulled up by turns. In still another embodiment, a stroke limiting member is provided that may be used to enable a fitting that is designed to be pulled up by turns to also be pulled up by torque. The stroke limiting member facilitates many remakes of the fitting, including remakes by torque.

An adjustable stop limits sliding sash window/door travel between a closed position and a safe position, where the safe position is a position less than a full-open position. The stop can be installed upon window/door master frames during initial manufacturing, or as an after-market option while the sash windows/doors are in service in a building. The safety stop may be comprised of a housing and a tumbler being pivotally mounted within a cavity in the housing, with a spring to bias the tumbler out of an opening in the housing. Mounting is by a flange extending from the housing, with spacers of varying thickness that are capable of removably attaching thereon to accommodate sash to master frame height differences. A safety member may be added to either the tumbler or housing to create a double action stop, requiring disengagement of the safety member, prior to toggling of the stop.

A novel PV module carrier and methods of use provide protection for PV modules during transportation, field handling, and assembly with racking systems. The carrier contains elements of a racking system to allow for quicker installation in the field. The PV module carrier reduces manufacturing costs by eliminating the need for frame elements, while reducing field installation time and labor cost for system installation.

A suspension coil spring, when assembled to a suspension device, in which a spring reaction axis (AR) is positioned coincident with or sufficiently close to a load input axis (AA), and the design and manufacture of coil springs are facilitated. Namely, a suspension coil spring (10) in a free state is formed so that a coil axis (AC) is bent in V-shape at bend point (PB) and the distance from the end turn center (CU) of the upper seating surface (38) to an imaginary coil axis (AI) is an upper inclination amount (V.sub.U), and the distance from the end turn center (CL) to the imaginary coil axis (AI) is a lower inclination amount (V.sub.L). When the suspension coil spring (10) is interposed between spring seats (22, 24) in the suspension device and compressed along a strut axis, the spring reaction AR axis of the suspension coil spring (10) is inclined and offset with respect to the imaginary coil axis (AL) according to the inclination amounts (V.sub.U, V.sub.L).

An exemplary laser instrumentation bracket includes a support structure providing a recess configured to receive a collar of a laser housing. The laser housing has a main body extending axially through an aperture of the support structure when the recess receives the collar.

A method for crimping and a crimping tool, such as an automaton, to crimp a ring on an attachment rod extending along an axis of the attachment rod from a panel. The tool involves moving a movement clip of the automaton to grip the ring so that the attachment rod is introduced into the ring and moving a crimping nose of the automaton so as to prevent the removal of the ring from the attachment rod. Once crimped, the ring is released and the crimping nose is moved so as to ready the crimping tool for subsequent crimping of rings on attachment rods.

An optical assembly includes a combination of laser sources emitting radiation, focused by a combination of lenses into optical waveguides. The optical waveguide and the laser source are permanently attached to a common carrier, while at least one of the lenses is attached to a holder that is an integral part of the carrier, but is free to move initially. Micromechanical techniques are used to adjust the position of the lens and holder, and then fix the holder it into place permanently using integrated heaters with solder.

A system for positioning post sleeves is provided including a plurality of post sleeve positioning devices and a spacing mechanism. Each post sleeve positioning device is configured to receive a respective post sleeve and to enable selective adjustment of a position and orientation of the respective post sleeve. The spacing mechanism is coupleable between the pair of post sleeve positioning devices to determine or control the position and orientation of the post sleeve received by one of the pair of post sleeves positioning devices relative to the post sleeve received by the other one of the pair of post sleeve positioning devices. Related systems and methods are also provided.