Light weight composites with high flexural strength comprise epoxy foam sandwiched between two layers of facing material have high strength and low weight and can be used to replace steel structures. The facing layer may be fibrous material especially glass or carbon fibres, the facing material is preferably embedded into the epoxy matrix. Alternatively they may be matching box structures or concentric metal tubes. The sandwich structures may be prepared by laying up the fibre; coating and/or impregnating the layer with epoxy resin, laying a layer of heat activatable foamable epoxy material, providing a further layer of the fibrous material optionally coated and/or impregnated with epoxy resin on the foamable material and healing to foam and cure the epoxy materials. Alternatively they may be formed by extrusion of the foamable material between the surface layers.

A composite member includes: a substrate formed of a composite material containing a plurality of diamond grains and a metal phase; and a coating layer made of metal. The surface of the substrate includes a surface of the metal phase, and a protrusion formed of a part of at least one diamond grain of the diamond grains and protruding from the surface of the metal phase. In a plan view, the coating layer includes a metal coating portion, and a grain coating portion. A ratio of a thickness of the grain coating portion to a thickness of the metal coating portion is equal to or less than 0.80. The coating layer has a surface roughness as an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of less than 2.0 μm.

A slip component for a downhole tool has a bearing surface that is hard surface treated. The slip component, which can be a slip or other component of a slip mechanism used on a packer, bridge plug, or other downhole tool, is composed of a non-metallic base material, such as plastic, composite, or ceramic. To hard surface treat the slip component, at least the bearing surface is positioned relative to an ion sputtering apparatus. An intermediate layer is first bonded onto the bearing surface by ion sputtering an intermediate material onto the non-metallic base material of the slip component. Then, the bearing surface of the slip component is positioned relative to an electrosparking apparatus, which has an electrode composed of a selected external material for depositing on the slip component. Using the electrosparking apparatus, an external layer is bonded at least on the bearing surface.

A metal-ceramic substrate having at least one ceramic layer (2), which is provided on a first surface side (2a) with at least one first metallization (3) and on a second surface side (2b), opposite from the first surface side (2a), with a second metallization (4), wherein the first metallization (3) is formed by a film or layer of copper or a copper alloy and is connected to the first surface side (2a) of the ceramic layer (2) with the aid of a “direct copper bonding” process. The second metallization (4) is formed by a layer of aluminum or an aluminum alloy.

Provided is a chemical treatment steel sheet including a steel sheet; a composite coated layer which is formed on at least one surface of the steel sheet, and contains 2 to 200 mg/m.sup.2 of Ni in terms of an amount of metal Ni and 0.1 to 10 g/m.sup.2 of Sn in terms of an amount of metal Sn, and in which an island-shaped Sn coated layer is formed on an Fe—Ni—Sn alloy layer; and a chemical treatment layer that is formed on the composite coated layer, and contains a 0.01 to 0.1 mg/m.sup.2 of Zr compounds in terms of an amount of metal Zr and 0.01 to 5 mg/m.sup.2 of phosphate compounds in terms of an amount of P.

There is provided a temperature sensor element including a pair of electrodes and a temperature-sensitive film disposed in contact with the pair of electrodes, in which the temperature-sensitive film includes a matrix resin and a plurality of conductive domains contained in the matrix resin, the conductive domains include a conjugated polymer and a dopant, and the number of structural units constituting the conjugated polymer is 65 or less.

A product includes an array of cold spray-formed structures. Each of the structures is characterized by having a defined feature size in at least one dimension of less than 100 microns as measured in a plane of deposition of the structure, at least 90% of a theoretical density of a raw material from which the structure is formed, and essentially the same functional properties as the raw material. A product includes a cold spray-formed structure characterized by having a defined feature size in at least one dimension of less than 100 microns as measured in a plane of deposition of the structure, at least 90% of a theoretical density of a raw material from which the structure is formed, and essentially the same functional properties as the raw material.

An insulated circuit board which is obtained by bonding a circuit layer onto one side of a ceramic substrate, and bonding a metal layer made of copper or copper alloy onto the other side of the ceramic substrate; and a heat sink which is bonded to the metal layer are included; the heat sink has a first metal layer made of aluminum or aluminum alloy joined to the metal layer, a ceramic board material joined to the first metal layer at an opposite side to the metal layer, and a second metal layer made of aluminum or aluminum alloy joined to the ceramic board material at an opposite side to the first metal layer; a thickness T1 of the first metal layer and a thickness T2 of the second metal layer are 0.8 mm to 3.0 mm inclusive; and a thickness ratio T1/T2 is 1.0 or more.

Light weight composites with high flexural strength comprise epoxy foam sandwiched between two layers of facing material have high strength and low weight and can be used to replace steel structures. The facing layer may be fibrous material especially glass or carbon fibres, the facing material is preferably embedded into the epoxy matrix. Alternatively they may be matching box structures or concentric metal tubes. The sandwich structures may be prepared by laying up the fibre; coating and/or impregnating the layer with epoxy resin, laying a layer of heat activatable foamable epoxy material, providing a further layer of the fibrous material optionally coated and/or impregnated with epoxy resin on the foamable material and heating to foam and cure the epoxy materials. Alternatively they may be formed by extrusion of the foamable material between the surface layers.

A metal-ceramic substrate (1) comprising an insulating layer (11) comprising a ceramic and having a first thickness (D1), and a metallization layer (12) bonded to the insulation layer (11) and having a second thickness (D2),
wherein the first thickness (D1) is less than 250 μm and the second thickness (D2) is greater than 200 μm and wherein the first thickness (D1) and the second thickness (D2) are dimensioned such that a ratio of an amount of the difference between a thermal expansion coefficient of the metallization layer (12) and a thermal expansion coefficient of the metal-ceramic substrate (1) to a thermal expansion coefficient of the metal-ceramic substrate (1)
has a value less than 0.25, preferably less than 0.2 and more preferably less than 0.15 or even less than 0.1.