Active drive for guidewire manipulation

Abstract

A guidewire manipulation system may include a cylindrical drum, having a cylindrical outer drum surface with a helical groove for housing a flexible guidewire and an anchoring mechanism for attaching the flexible guidewire to the drum. The system may also include an outer shell or belt disposed around the drum, forming an opening through which the flexible guidewire exits. The system may also include a first actuator coupled with the drum for rotating the drum about a first axis, and a second actuator coupled with the drum for rotating the system about a second axis.

Claims

1. A guidewire manipulation system for translating and rotating a flexible guidewire for a medical or surgical procedure, the system comprising: (a) a cylindrical drum, comprising: (i) a cylindrical outer drum surface with a helical groove for housing the flexible guidewire, the flexible guidewire configured to wrap around the cylindrical outer drum surface multiple times; and (ii) an anchoring mechanism for attaching the flexible guidewire to the cylindrical drum; (b) a layer disposed around the cylindrical drum, the layer configured to cover and prevent the flexible guidewire from lifting off of the cylindrical drum and defining an opening through which the flexible guidewire passes; (c) a first actuator coupled with the cylindrical drum for rotating the cylindrical drum about a first axis, to translate the flexible guidewire through the opening and along a longitudinal axis of the flexible guidewire; and (d) a second actuator coupled with the cylindrical drum for rotating the cylindrical drum to roll the flexible guidewire about the longitudinal axis, the second actuator being oriented parallel with the first actuator.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the layer comprises a cylindrical shell configured to move axially along the cylindrical drum as the cylindrical drum is rotated.

3. The system of claim 2, further comprising: a cylindrical outer housing disposed over the cylindrical drum; a first tubular channel extending from a proximal end of the outer housing to a proximal edge of the cylindrical drum to guide the flexible guidewire from the proximal end of the outer housing to the proximal edge of the cylindrical drum; and a second tubular channel extending from a distal edge of the cylindrical drum to a distal end of the outer housing, to guide the flexible guidewire from the distal edge of the cylindrical drum to the distal end of the outer housing.

4. The system of claim 3, further comprising: a first guide tube for guiding the flexible guidewire from the proximal end of the outer housing to the helical groove at the proximal edge of the cylindrical drum; and a second guide tube for guiding the flexible guidewire from the helical groove at the distal edge of the cylindrical drum to the distal end of the outer housing.

5. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a cylindrical outer housing disposed over the cylindrical drum; a cylindrical barrel disposed between the outer housing and the cylindrical drum, wherein the cylindrical drum and the barrel are configured to rotate relative to the outer housing and to each other; a first drive shaft coupled with the cylindrical drum for rotating the cylindrical drum about a central axis of the cylindrical drum and the outer housing, to advance and retract the flexible guidewire along a longitudinal axis of the flexible guidewire; and a second drive shaft coupled with the barrel for rotating the barrel about the central axis to roll the flexible guidewire about the longitudinal axis.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the cylindrical barrel comprises an inner threaded surface that meshes with a complementary outer threaded surface on the first drive shaft.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the cylindrical drum is configured to move in a first direction within the cylindrical barrel when the system winds the flexible guidewire onto the cylindrical drum and in a second direction within the cylindrical barrel when the system unwinds the flexible guidewire off of the cylindrical drum.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the layer is disposed around the helical groove of the cylindrical drum.

9. The system of claim 1, the first actuator being oriented coaxially with the longitudinal axis.

10. The system of claim 1, the second actuator being oriented coaxially with the longitudinal axis.

11. The system of claim 1, the first actuator being oriented coaxially with the second actuator.

12. The system of claim 11, the first actuator being coaxially nested within the second actuator.

13. The system of claim 11, the first and second actuators being oriented coaxially with the longitudinal axis.

14. The system of claim 1, the first and second actuators being oriented parallel with the longitudinal axis.

15. A guidewire manipulation system for translating and rotating a flexible guidewire for a medical or surgical procedure, the system comprising: (a) a cylindrical drum oriented along a longitudinal axis, comprising: (i) a cylindrical outer drum surface with a helical groove for housing the flexible guidewire, the flexible guidewire configured to wrap around the cylindrical outer drum surface multiple times; and (ii) an anchoring mechanism for attaching the flexible guidewire to the cylindrical drum; (b) a layer disposed around the cylindrical drum and extending along the longitudinal axis, the layer configured to cover and prevent the flexible guidewire from lifting off of the cylindrical drum and defining an opening through which the flexible guidewire passes; (c) a first actuator extending along the longitudinal axis, the first actuator being coupled with the cylindrical drum for rotating the cylindrical drum about a first axis, to translate the flexible guidewire through the opening and along the longitudinal axis; and (d) a second actuator extending along the longitudinal axis, the second actuator being coupled with the cylindrical drum for rotating the cylindrical drum about the longitudinal axis, to thereby roll the flexible guidewire about the longitudinal axis.

16. A guidewire manipulation system for translating and rotating a flexible guidewire for a medical or surgical procedure, the system comprising: (a) a cylindrical drum, comprising: (i) a cylindrical outer drum surface with a helical groove for housing the flexible guidewire, the flexible guidewire configured to wrap around the cylindrical outer drum surface multiple times; and (ii) an anchoring mechanism for attaching the flexible guidewire to the cylindrical drum; (b) a layer disposed around the cylindrical drum, the layer configured to cover and prevent the flexible guidewire from lifting off of the cylindrical drum and defining an opening through which the flexible guidewire passes; (c) a first actuator coupled with the cylindrical drum for rotating the cylindrical drum, to translate the flexible guidewire through the opening and along a longitudinal axis of the flexible guidewire; and (d) a second actuator coupled with the cylindrical drum for rotating the cylindrical drum, to roll the flexible guidewire about the longitudinal axis, the first actuator being coaxially nested within the second actuator.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is an illustration of a robotically controlled surgical system, according to one exemplary illustration;

(2) FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of a prior art guidewire manipulation device;

(3) FIG. 2B is a schematic illustration of a guidewire manipulation device, according to one embodiment;

(4) FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a guidewire manipulation system, according to one embodiment;

(5) FIGS. 4A-4C are perspective, front-end and side views, respectively, of portions of the guidewire manipulation system of FIG. 3;

(6) FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the guidewire manipulation system of FIG. 3, illustrating rotation of the entire system for rolling a guidewire;

(7) FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a guidewire manipulation system, according to an alternative embodiment;

(8) FIGS. 7A and 7B are perspective views of a guidewire manipulation system, according to another alternative embodiment

(9) FIGS. 7C and 7D are side, cross-sectional views of the guidewire manipulation system of FIGS. 7A and 7B; and

(10) FIGS. 7E and 7F are perspective and side, cross-sectional views, respectively, of a portion of the guidewire manipulation system of FIGS. 7A-7D.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(11) Referring now to the drawings, illustrative embodiments are shown in detail. Although the drawings represent the embodiments, the drawings are not necessarily to scale and certain features may be exaggerated to better illustrate and explain an innovative aspect of an embodiment. Further, the embodiments described herein are not intended to be exhaustive or otherwise limit or restrict the invention to the precise form and configuration shown in the drawings and disclosed in the following detailed description.

(12) Referring to FIG. 1, one embodiment of a robotically controlled surgical system 100 is illustrated. System 100 may include a robotic catheter assembly 102, having a first or outer steerable complement, otherwise referred to as a robotic sheath or sheath instrument 104 (also referred to simply as a “sheath”) and/or a second or inner steerable component, otherwise referred to as a robotic catheter, guide or catheter instrument 106 (also referred to simply as a “catheter”). Catheter assembly 102 is controllable using a robotic instrument driver 108. During use, a patient is positioned on an operating table or surgical bed 110, to which robotic instrument driver 108 may be coupled or mounted. In the illustrated example, system 100 includes an operator workstation 112, an electronics rack 114, and an associated bedside electronics box (not shown), a setup joint mounting brace 116, and instrument driver 108. A physician (or “operator”) sits at operator workstation 112 and can monitor the surgical procedure and patient vitals and control one or more catheter devices. Operator workstation 112 may include a computer monitor to display the catheter instrument or component thereof, e.g., a guidewire and/or a catheter sheath. In some cases, the catheter instrument may be imaged via fluoroscopy and displayed within, or relative to a body cavity, organ, or part of an organ, e.g., a chamber of a patient's heart.

(13) System components may be coupled together via cables or other suitable connectors 118 to provide for data communication. In some embodiments, one or more components may be equipped with wireless communication components to reduce or eliminate cables 118. Communication between components may also be implemented over a network or over the Internet. In this manner, a surgeon or other operator may control a surgical instrument while being located away from or remotely from radiation sources, such as the fluoroscopy system (e.g., behind a shield or partition), thereby decreasing radiation exposure. With the option for wireless or networked operation, the surgeon may even be located remotely from the patient in a different room or building.

(14) System 100 typically includes one or more mechanisms for advancing and retracting (i.e., “translating”) catheter assembly instruments into and out of a patient and for rotating the catheter assembly instruments while and/or after they are translated. Applicant for the present application has developed a number of such mechanisms, which are sometimes referred to generally as “active drive mechanisms.” One example of such an active drive mechanism is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Number 2014/0276936, now abandoned, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Typically, active drive mechanisms developed thus far have used one or more pairs of belts or rollers to manipulate a guidewire. For example, the guidewire may be gripped between two rollers, and when the active drive mechanism rotates the rollers about their individual axes of rotation, they advance and retract the guidewire into and out of the patient. The active drive mechanism may also cause the pair of rollers as a whole to rotate about a longitudinal axis of the guidewire to cause the guidewire to rotate about its longitudinal axis. This is important, because it is often necessary to translate and rotate a guidewire as it is advanced into a patient, in order to direct the distal end of the guidewire to a desired location.

(15) As mentioned above, although rollers work well in some situations, they often work less well for hydrophilic guidewire manipulation. The main challenge stems from the fact that the guidewire manipulator is trying to grip something that is inherently slippery. To firmly grasp a guidewire, two rollers are pressed together to generate a large grasping force. Once enough friction force is generated between guidewire 550 and the rollers, the guidewire manipulator can insert and roll the guidewire by moving the rollers. The large amount of pressing force required between the two rollers, however, may cause joints of the active drive mechanism to wear down quickly. Also, the slippery hydrophilic coating on the guidewire requires even greater application of force between the rollers, and even with this force, it is still difficult to prevent the guidewire from slipping between the rollers. In addition, the large amount of force may damage the hydrophilic coating on the guidewire. Given the importance of reliable guidewire manipulation during an interventional medical/surgical procedure, these challenges with currently available systems are significant.

(16) Referring now to FIGS. 2A and 2B, a fundamental difference between prior art guidewire manipulation devices (FIG. 2A) and those described in this disclosure (FIG. 2B) is illustrated schematically. In FIG. 2A, a guidewire 10 passes through the two friction driving wheels 20. When wheels 20 are pressed together, the friction between guidewire 10 and driving wheels 20 generates force to advance or retract guidewire 10. Guidewire 10 may tend to slip, however, at the driving wheel interface, due to a large amount of resistance from the tortuous blood vessel anatomy through which it is being advanced. The problem gets worse when guidewire 10 is coated with hydrophilic material, as it makes guidewire 10 more slippery. The only currently available solution is to tighten the grip by squeezing wheels 20 harder together. It is not possible to fully prevent slippage, however, no matter how much pressure is applied, and added pressure puts a great deal of stress on the guidewire manipulation system.

(17) FIG. 2B schematically illustrates an improved method for manipulating a guidewire 10, which will be described in further detail below. Rather than using friction-generating wheels, the improved method advances and retracts guidewire 10 by pushing and pulling it, respectively, from its back end, where guidewire 10 is anchored to the drive system. Since guidewire 10 is pushed and pulled to advance and retract it, rather than being fed through two wheels, there is no guidewire slippage. How this method is achieved, and various embodiments of guidewire manipulation systems used to achieve the method, are described in greater detail below.

(18) Referring now to FIG. 3, one embodiment of a guidewire manipulation system 200 is illustrated. In this embodiment, system 200 includes an outer housing made up of two discs 210a, 210b connected by multiple rods 216 extending between them, an inner drum 214 sandwiched between the two discs 210a, 210b, a belt 218 wrapped around at least some of the rods 216 to form one continuous band that substantially covers inner drum 214 except at an opening 215 between two of the rods 216, and an axle 212. Axle 212 defines an insertion axis 213 about which inner drum 214 rotates. A disc gear 220 may be mounted on axle 212 on an inner or outer surface of disc 210a or disc 210b, and disc gear 220 may have gear teeth, which mesh with complementary gear teeth on a drive gear 222 of the system 200. Rotation of drive gear 222 induces rotation of disc gear 220 and rotationally-coupled inner drum 214 about the insertion axis 213 defined by axle 212 (illustrated by large, counterclockwise arrow on disc gear 220). Such rotation causes a guidewire 230 to unwind (i.e., advance) or wind up (i.e., retract). System 200 may include a drive shaft 224 or other mechanism to couple to an actuator on the instrument driver. These features of guidewire manipulation system 200 will be described in further detail below.

(19) In use, one end of guidewire 230 is attached (or “anchored”) to inner drum 214 by one of any number of suitable anchoring means. Inner drum 214 is then rotated in a first direction—clockwise in FIG. 3—and such rotation wraps guidewire 230 around inner drum 214. Inner drum 214 has a continuous, spiral groove 232 (FIGS. 4A and 4B), and guidewire 230 fits within groove 232 as it wraps around inner drum 214. Once guidewire 230 is wrapped, inner drum 214 can be rotated counterclockwise, as illustrated by the curved arrow in FIG. 3, which causes guidewire 230 to unwind and advance out of opening 215 and into the patient, as illustrated by the relatively straight arrow in FIG. 3. If guidewire 230 needs to be retracted, inner drum 214 can be rotated again in the clockwise (or “winding”) direction.

(20) Because guidewire 230 is anchored at one end to inner drum 214, frictional force, such as the opposing wheels of prior art systems, is not required for advancing and retracting guidewire 230. Thus, guidewire slippage is no longer an issue. In fact, the friction between guidewire 230 and inner drum 214 helps retract the guidewire. When inner drum 214 is rotated in the clockwise direction to wind guidewire 230, guidewire 230 is naturally pressed against inner drum 214 as guidewire 230 is pulled in by the rotating inner drum 214, increasing friction as a result. In this case, the friction is evenly distributed along the portion of guidewire 230 making contact with inner drum 214, and the widely distributed friction helps secure guidewire 230 during its retraction phase. When inner drum 214 is rotated in the counter-clockwise direction to unwind guidewire 230, it is no longer pressed against inner drum 214, and the friction between guidewire 230 and inner drum 214 is greatly reduced, which helps advance guidewire 230 with minimum effort.

(21) When a procedure using guidewire manipulation system 200 is complete, guidewire 230 may be easily removed from inner drum 214. The system 200 may then be disposed of or cleaned, re-sterilized, and used for a next procedure.

(22) Referring now to FIGS. 4A-4C, several features of system 200 are illustrated in greater detail. FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a portion of inner drum 214, showing guidewire 230 lying in groove 232 of inner drum 214. In the embodiment shown, groove 232 is one, continuous, spiral groove. In alternative embodiments, groove 232 may be multiple side-by-side grooves or have any other suitable configuration for partially housing guidewire 230 on the surface of inner drum 214. FIG. 4A also illustrates one possible guidewire anchoring mechanism in the form of a slot 234. Slot 234 may lead into a bore that tapers down to a smaller diameter, so that a user may insert one end of guidewire 230 into slot 234 and advance it with sufficient force until it becomes stuck. Any other suitable anchoring mechanism may be used in alternative embodiments, such as hooks, holes, clips, fasteners or the like, independently or in addition to slot 234.

(23) FIG. 4B is a front-end view of a portion of inner drum 214, illustrating groove 232 in greater detail. Groove 232 is an important feature of at least some embodiments of inner drum 214, because it controls how guidewire 230 is wrapped in a spiral onto inner drum 214, and without it, guidewire 230 may wind upon itself and get entangled or slide laterally along the surface of drum 214, and thus increase the risk of guidewire 230 buckling within system 200.

(24) FIG. 4C is a side view of a portion of system 200. Belt 218 is wrapped around rods 216 in a conveyor belt-like fashion. Except for a space 215 located between one set of two adjacent rods 216, belt 218 wraps around an entirety of inner drum 214, forming a loop having an inner layer that hugs inner drum 214 and an outer layer separated from the inner layer by the diameter of rods 216. The two adjacent rods 216 defining space 215 serve as axles or pivot points around which belt 218 wraps in order to form the loop.

(25) The purpose of belt 218 is to hold guidewire 230 within (and prevent it from lifting off of) groove 232 of inner drum 214 as guidewire 230 is advanced through opening 215 and inserted into the patient. By maintaining guidewire 230 within groove 232, the wound portion of guidewire 230 does not bulge, bubble, or otherwise significantly loosen around inner drum 214, and the rotating motion of inner drum 214 is efficiently translated into the inserting motion of guidewire 230. In this embodiment, belt 218 rolls over rods 216 as guidewire 230 advances. This is caused by the frictional force of guidewire 230 moving against belt 218 as it is advanced. Allowing belt 218 to roll over rods 216 prevents excess friction between guidewire 230 and belt 218 as guidewire 230 is advanced out of opening 215. If belt 218 did not roll, or if it were replaced by a rigid static cylindrical housing, the guidewire 230 would drag on the belt or housing as the inner barrel 214 rotated, causing unwanted friction and potentially inhibiting advancement of guidewire 230 and/or scraping off some of the hydrophilic coating on guidewire 230. If belt 218 were replaced by a housing that rotated with the guidewire to reduce friction, then the opening 215 would also rotate. This would not be a desirable solution, since it is desired to keep the opening in a constant location to feed the guidewire into the catheter or patient. As such, employing a flexible belt 218 to hold guidewire 230 in groove 232 helps minimize the adverse effect of friction, while allowing the exit location of guidewire 230 to remain stationary. In addition, the manufacturing of flexible belt 218 is not excessively restricted by the selection of belt material. If flexible belt 218 is made of slippery material, guidewire 230 may slide against belt 218, which is acceptable as long as belt 218 can hold guidewire 230 in groove 232 during operation. If the friction between flexible belt 218 and guidewire 230 becomes large, belt 218 will start rolling over rods 216, naturally preventing friction from building up. In some embodiments, belt 218 rolls over rods 216, and rods 216 remain static and do not move. In alternative embodiments, rods 216 may be free to spin when belt 218 rolls over them. For example, rods 216 may be mounted with ball bearings to allow them to freely spin/roll.

(26) In the embodiment shown, system 200 includes eight rods 216, but alternative embodiments may include different numbers of rods 216 with different spacing. Any suitable number and spacing of rods 216 may be selected. It may be desirable to select a number and spacing of rods 216 that prevent the inner portion/layer of belt 218 from contacting the outer portion/layer of belt 218. Such contact may cause unwanted friction, which may put a strain on guidewire manipulation system 200. If an embodiment has fewer, more widely spaced rods 216, it may be advantageous to have a tighter belt 218, relative to an embodiment having more, closer-spaced rods 216. The tighter belt may limit belt deformation and unintended contact between the two layers of belt 218. In some embodiments, guidewire manipulation system 200 may include a tensioner (not shown), to keep belt 218 taut, in order to apply force against the expanding guidewire 230, to keep it in groove 232. Belt 218 may be made of any suitable material such as, but not limited to, silicone or polyurethane. Because belt 218 is not subjected to large frictional forces (in contrast to the friction wheels described above), and it functions adequately regardless of whether it is slippery, the range of possible materials for belt 218 is relatively large, potentially lowering the cost of manufacturing.

(27) Referring now to FIG. 5, as mentioned previously, a guidewire manipulation system, such as system 200, should generally be configured to advance and retract guidewire 230 and also to spin or rotate guidewire 230 about its longitudinal axis 217. This spinning motion is important, because that is often how guidewire 230 is directed or steered within a patient. This rolling or spinning motion is depicted in FIG. 5 by the curved, double-headed arrow.

(28) In an alternative embodiment, as shown for example in FIG. 6, a guidewire manipulation system 250 may include an outer housing 252 with an opening 256 through which a guidewire 258 exits, multiple rods 254, an axle 260, a gear box, a flange coupler 264 a first drive shaft 266 and a second drive shaft 268. The internal workings of system 250, within housing 252, such as the drum and the belt, may be the same or similar to the inner workings of the embodiment of system 200 describe in FIGS. 3-5. In this embodiment, however, two drive shafts 266, 268 extend from gearbox 262. First drive shaft 266 (similar to drive shaft 224 in FIG. 3) is configured for rolling the inner drum (not visible in FIG. 6 but analogous to inner drum 214 of FIGS. 3-5) about axle 212 to translate (i.e., insert and retract) guidewire 258. Second drive shaft 268 is configured for rotating the entire outer housing 252 relative to flange coupler 264, thus spinning guidewire 258 about its longitudinal axis. All of system 250 may be coupled at one end, via flange coupler 264, to an instrument driver of a robotic surgical system. Flange coupler 264 may contain a bearing or bushing to allow rotation of assembly 250 without excessive drag. Drive shafts 266, 268 may be connected to one or more actuators, such as an electric motor of a larger system, such as the instrument driver of a robotic surgical system described above. Drive shafts 266, 268 may be keyed or slotted to correspond with a mating feature in the instrument driver. The design shown has a male coupler on the guidewire manipulation system 250, which is configured to be received by a female coupler on the instrument driver. Alternatively, guidewire manipulation system 250 may have a recess or female coupler and the protruding shaft or male coupler may be on the instrument driver. Alternatively, the connection between the system 250 and the instrument driver may contain a sterile adapter such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,720,448.

(29) The rotation of the inner drum about the translation axis may be activated with or without movement of the outer housing about the roll axis and vice versa. The translation mechanism and roll mechanism are independent and may be activated in isolation, in series/sequence, or in parallel/simultaneously. That means rotation of the guidewire in either direction may be achieved without any insertion or retraction of the guidewire or may occur in conjunction with insertion or retraction of the guidewire to get a spiraled trajectory on the wire.

(30) In some embodiments, opening 215 on one side of guidewire manipulation system 200 may be covered during an operation, to prevent guidewire 230 from buckling and expanding outward. A small, curved cover (not shown) may be included in system 200, to guide the guidewire through opening 215 without buckling, for example.

(31) Additionally, system 200 may be configured to accommodate multiple different sizes of guidewires 230. Since guidewires 230 come in a variety of different diameters, and since guidewire 230 should fit well within groove 232, it may be desirable in some embodiments to provide inner drums 214 with differently sized grooves 232. One embodiment of guidewire manipulation system 200, for example, may include a separate, interchangeable inner drum 214 for each of a number of different guidewire sizes. For example, a 0.014″ guidewire 230 could be used with an inner drum 214 that has a smaller groove 232 relative to an inner drum 214 used with a 0.035″ guidewire 230. In some embodiments, the physician or other user may be able to quickly exchange one inner drum 214 for another in system 200, similar to exchanging a cartridge in a printer. In an alternative embodiment, only one inner drum 214 may be provided, and it may have a groove 232 that is large enough to accommodate the largest guidewire 230 suitable for use with system 200. When a smaller guidewire 230 is used, it may wiggle slightly in groove 232. However, belt 218 may be tightened using a tensioner and/or configured suitably to hold the smaller guidewire 230 within the larger groove 232. Such a belt 218 may be thick enough and/or compliant enough to also accommodate larger-diameter guidewires 230. In this embodiment, therefore, one inner drum 214 may be used with multiple different sizes of guidewires.

(32) In some embodiments, guidewire manipulation system 200 (or system 250 or other alternative embodiments) may be directly plugged into the driving axes of a robotic surgery system, as described above in relation to FIG. 1. System 200, 250 may optionally include a flexible tube 270 (FIG. 6), which acts as a channel from guidewire manipulation system 200, 250 to the back of a catheter splayer 104, 106, so that guidewire 230, 258, as it exits system 200, 250 may be smoothly guided into the catheter. In some embodiments, such flexible tube 270 may be fixed to the back of the splayer with a freely rotating cuff, so that it does not twist when guidewire manipulation system 200, 250 rotates to roll guidewire 230, 258. Flexible tube 270 may float or slide across opening 215, 256 to accommodate guidewire 230, 258 entering into or exiting from different grooves as the inner drum rotates.

(33) Referring now to FIGS. 7A-7F, an alternative embodiment of an active drive guidewire manipulation system 500 is illustrated. As in the previously described embodiment, guidewire manipulation system 500 includes a rotating inner drum 510 around which a guidewire 550 is wound, and to which guidewire 550 is anchored. As in other embodiments, inner drum 510 is located within a housing 540. Additionally, as in other embodiments, guidewire 550 is loaded entirely onto inner drum 510 at the start of a procedure, inner drum rotates 510 about its own axis (i.e., the translation axis, which is the same as guidewire 550 in FIG. 7A) to insert or retract guidewire 550 into the patient, and the entire housing 540 rotates (i.e., about the roll axis) to rotate or spin guidewire 550. In this embodiment of system 500, however, inner drum 510 is oriented differently, relative to guidewire 550 and a patient, than the inner drum 214 of the previously described embodiment of guidewire manipulation system 200. In guidewire manipulation system 200, the translation axis 213 (about which inner drum 214 rotates) is perpendicular to the translating guidewire 230 and the roll axis 217, whereas in guidewire manipulation system 500, the translation axis (about which inner drum 510 rotates) is collinear with the translating guidewire 550 and the roll axis.

(34) FIG. 7A is a perspective view of system 500. FIG. 7B is also a perspective of system 500, shown attached to adjacent components of a robotic catheter system (such as the system shown in FIG. 1). FIG. 7C is a side cross-sectional view of system 500 with guidewire 550 loaded onto it, and FIG. 7D is the same side cross-sectional view with guidewire 550 fully advanced out of system 500 (e.g., toward a patient). Because the various components of guidewire manipulation system 500 may be seen most clearly in the cross-section figures, those figures will be described first.

(35) Referring to FIG. 7C, guidewire manipulation system 500 is illustrated with guidewire 550 fully loaded onto inner drum 510. Inner drum 510 and most of the other components of system 500 are at least partially housed within outer housing 540. Outer housing 540 contains bearings 501 and 502 on either end, which allow inner drum 510 to rotate within (and relative to) outer housing 540 about a central axis XX. Between outer housing 540 and inner drum 510 there is a a second actuator, in the form of an inner barrel 507, which also rotates relative to housing 540. When inner barrel 507 rotates, guidewire 550 and everything inside inner barrel 507 rotates. In the embodiment shown, inner barrel 507 is made of three connected parts 514, 515 and 520. This configuration is not required, however, and in alternative embodiments, inner barrel 507 may be a one-piece component or may have any other suitable number of parts. Guidewire 550 enters the assembly at a proximal opening along the central axis XX and through proximal clamp 503; it passes through a spiraled path guiding tube 531 to the outside of inner drum 510; it winds around the barrel multiple times (not visible in a cross-sectional view); it exits inner drum 510 in another spiraled path guiding tube; and then it exits the assembly along the central axis XX at a distal opening, passing through distal clamp 504.

(36) In this embodiment, a cylindrical shell 516 is located between inner barrel 507 and inner drum 510 and is connected to a first actuator, in the form of a drive shaft 509, via a key 517. Shell 516 rotates with inner drum 510 to reduce friction. Shell 516 does not move from left to right or right to left during loading or unloading of guidewire 550 onto inner drum 510. Its purpose is to rotate with inner drum 510 to help prevent friction between the rotating guidewire 550 (on inner drum 510) and inner barrel 507. Shell 516 serves the same purpose as belt 218 in mechanism 200. It ensures the guidewire wraps smoothly onto and off of the inner drum, and it rolls with the inner drum to reduce friction. Thus, various embodiments described herein include a guiding layer (e.g., belt 218 or shell 516), which substantially surrounds the inner drum to facilitate smooth wrapping and unwrapping of the guidewire onto and off of the inner drum, and which moves or rotates when the inner drum rotates so as not to create significant friction against the inner drum.

(37) Inner drum 510 is located inside inner barrel 507. Inner drum 510 rotates with respect to inner barrel 507 via support bearings 511 and 512. Similar to system 200, in at least some embodiments of system 500, inner drum 510 contains a grooved surface 513 to allow guidewire 550 to wrap around it. Inner drum 510 is connected to a drive shaft 509, which has a threaded outer surface 508, which mates with a corresponding threaded surface 517 on housing inner barrel 507.

(38) Before starting a guidewire-based procedure, guidewire 550 is loaded onto inner drum 510. To load inner drum 510, guidewire 550 is manually loaded from the proximal end of system 500, through an opened proximal clamp 503. Proximal clamp 503 and a distal clamp 504 are shown schematically in FIGS. 7C and 7D. In at least one embodiment of system 500, clamps 503, 504 are attached to opposite ends of inner barrel 507. Guidewire 550 passes through drive shaft 509 and into the proximal end of a first, inner drum guiding tube 531. As shown more clearly in FIGS. 7E and 7F, the distal end of first, inner drum guiding tube 531 is attached to inner drum 510 at point 532, to direct guidewire 550 tangentially onto the outer surface groove 513 of inner drum 510. In the loading configuration, inner drum 510 is positioned such that when guidewire 550 exits first guiding tube 531 at point 532, it is guided into an inner barrel groove 513. Inner barrel groove 513 continues to spiral around the outer surface of inner barrel 510. When guidewire 550 reaches a second guiding tube 534, it passes through it and exits inner 510 and housing 540 at point 535, through distal clamp 504. After guidewire 550 is manually advanced through system 500, distal clamp 504 is closed, and proximal clamp 503 remains open. The remainder of guidewire 550 is now loaded robotically onto inner drum 510. This is accomplished by commanding a rotation to drive shaft 505, which rotates drive shaft 509 of inner drum 510. The connection between drive shafts 505 and 509 is shown only schematically in FIG. 7D, but this connection may be any connection capable of transferring motion through a 90° turn, such as a bevel gear connection.

(39) When inner drum 510 turns and the distal end of guidewire 550 is locked in distal clamp 504, guidewire 550 becomes wrapped onto inner drum 510. The pitch of the spiral path for guidewire 550 on inner drum 510 matches the pitch of the thread on drive shaft 509. Therefore, as drive shaft 509 and inner drum 510 are rotated to further load guidewire 550 onto inner drum 510, inner drum 510 moves from the right side of inner barrel 507 (FIG. 7D) to the left side of inner barrel 507 (FIG. 7C), as viewed from the vantage point of the provided figures. That is, inner drum 510 moves proximally. The outlet point for the guidewire from inner drum 510 to inner barrel 507 at point 532 does not move during the loading process. As drive shaft 509 continues to rotate, guidewire 550 is wrapped onto inner drum 510. The number of revolutions of inner drum 510 is based on the length of guidewire 550. The diameter of inner drum 510 depends on the stiffness, size and material of guidewire 550 and in some embodiments may range from approximately 2 inches to approximately 4 inches.

(40) Referring to FIG. 7C, when guidewire 550 is fully loaded onto inner drum 510, proximal clamp 503 may be closed to lock the back end of guidewire 550 to inner barrel 507. Now guidewire manipulation system 500 is ready for use in a guidewire based procedure. Next, distal clamp 504 may be opened. To insert guidewire 550 into the patient or a catheter, inner drum 510 may then be rotated in the opposite direction of the loading direction. Shell 516 ensures that guidewire 550 is wrapped tightly onto inner drum 510. If no shell 516 were present, rotation of inner drum 510 in the opposite direction of the loading direction would simply cause guidewire 550 to lift off the surface of inner drum 510. But the presence of shell 516 prevents this and so would instead cause guidewire 550 to “unload” back out the proximal side of system 500. For clarification, rotating inner drum 510 in the non-loading direction with clamp 503 open and distal clamp 504 closed would undo the loading process. When proximal clamp 503 is closed and distal clamp 504 is open, rotating inner barrel 510 in the non-loading direction causes guidewire 550 to move out of the right (i.e., distal) side of system 500 and into the patient or catheter.

(41) Groove 513 on inner drum 510 and the clearance between inner drum 510 and shell 516 are sized to accommodate the outer diameter of guidewire 550. This helps ensure that there will not be backlash when the user changes the direction of guidewire 550 (e.g., from advancing into the patient to retracting out of the patient or vice versa). When insertion or retraction of guidewire 550 is commanded, drive shaft 505 turns, which rotates drive shaft 509, to cause guidewire 550 to spool onto, or unspool off of, the surface of inner drum 510. In this system 500, with the insertion axis and drive shaft 509 collinear with the translating guidewire 550, rotation of shaft 509 to create insertion/retraction of guidewire 550 would typically cause guidewire 550 to rotate as it is being inserted or retracted. To prevent this from occurring, drive shaft 506, which causes inner barrel 507 to rotate to roll guidewire 550, will rotate in the opposite direction of shaft 505, thereby eliminating the effect of the rotation from the translation axis. Therefore, shafts 505 and 506 turn in opposite directions at appropriate speeds, if guidewire insertion or retraction without rotation is commanded by the robotic surgical system. At one or more points during a procedure, a physician may want to only rotate (or “spin” or “roll”) guidewire 550. When only wire rotation is desired, then only drive shaft 506 rotates. When insertion and rotation are desired at the same time, either drive shaft 505 may rotate by itself or both drive shafts 505, 506 may rotate, with shaft 506 acting to increase or decrease the speed of rotation.

(42) At the end of a procedure, the user may close distal clamp 504 and lift guidewire manipulation system 500 off (or out of) the surgical robotic system with which it is being used and remove it from guidewire 550, allowing inner drum 510 to unspool free as system 500 is moved away. Alternatively, inner drum 510 may be rotated to unspool guidewire 550.

(43) Referring back to FIG. 7B, guidewire manipulation system 500 is illustrated on a schematic representative of an instrument driver 560. Instrument driver 560 may be identical to instrument driver 108 in FIG. 1 or may be an alternative embodiment. A schematic representation of a catheter 566, catheter splayer 564, guidewire 550, instrument driver 560, and sterile drape 562 is shown to demonstrate how guidewire manipulation system 500 may interface with a robotic system, according to one embodiment. Instrument driver 560 may be draped with sterile drape 562, as shown. Drive shafts 505, 506 penetrate sterile barrier 562 and connect the motion of the motors in instrument driver 560 to guidewire manipulation system 500. In some embodiments, drive shafts 505, 506 may be part of a sterile adaptor, as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,720,448. In the embodiments described above, guidewire manipulation system 200 may be attached to this instrument driver 560 in a similar manner. In alternative embodiments, drive shafts 505, 506 may form part of guidewire manipulation system 500 or instrument driver 560. Ideally, the connection of system 500 to the larger robotic surgery system with which it is used will be designed such that system 500 can be removed from the robotic surgery system while maintaining sterility of the surgical space.

(44) The embodiment of guidewire manipulation system 500 illustrated in FIG. 7B is located immediately adjacent catheter splayer 564. This positioning of system 500 immediately next to splayer 564 may be advantageous, because when guidewire 550 is driven out of system 500, it immediately enters splayer 564, without risk of buckling. There is typically a valve (not shown) at the proximal end of catheter 566 in the location of splayer 564. The valve is designed to provide hemostasis, while allowing entry of guidewire 550. In alternative embodiments, it may be preferable to locate guidewire manipulation system 500 farther from splayer 564 to allow space for a drying, wiping, or cleaning mechanism (such as the drying, wiping, and cleaning mechanism described in US Publ. No. 2015/0297864, filed Apr. 21, 2015, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,046,140 on Aug. 14, 2018, and titled “Devices, Systems, and Methods for Controlling Active Drive Systems,” the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). In some embodiments, the drying, wiping, or cleaning mechanism may be configured and used to dry the guidewire 550 before it reaches system 500. In other embodiments, it may not be necessary to dry the guidewire since the configurations described herein do not rely on friction; in such embodiments, the drying, wiping, or cleaning mechanism may still be present, for example, to clean the wire of blood to avoid the introduction or buildup of blood within the drum. In other alternative embodiments, guidewire manipulation system 500 may be incorporated into splayer 564, to reduce the number of component parts.

(45) The mechanisms and methods described herein have broad applications. The foregoing embodiments were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles of the methods and apparatuses as well as some practical applications. The preceding description enables others skilled in the art to use methods and apparatus in various embodiments and with various modifications suited to the particular use contemplated. In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, the principles and modes of operation of this disclosure have been explained and illustrated in exemplary embodiments.

(46) It is intended that the scope of the present methods and apparatuses be defined by the following claims. However, this disclosure may be practiced otherwise than is specifically explained and illustrated, without departing from its spirit or scope. Various alternatives to the embodiments described herein may be employed in practicing the claims, without departing from the spirit and scope as defined in the following claims. The scope of the disclosure should be determined, not with reference to the above description, but instead with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is anticipated and intended that future developments will occur in the arts discussed herein, and that the disclosed systems and methods will be incorporated into such future examples. Furthermore, all terms used in the claims are intended to be given their broadest reasonable constructions and their ordinary meanings as understood by those skilled in the art unless an explicit indication to the contrary is made herein. In particular, use of the singular articles such as “a,” “the,” “said,” etc. should be read to recite one or more of the indicated elements unless a claim recites an explicit limitation to the contrary. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that the method and apparatus within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. In sum, it should be understood that the invention is capable of modification and variation and is limited only by the following claims.