SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REFUELLING A COMPRESSED GAS PRESSURE VESSEL USING A COOLING CIRCUIT AND IN-VESSEL TEMPERATURE STRATIFICATION

Abstract

A pressure vessel refuelling system enables fast fill refuelling of CNG fuel tanks by inducing a stratification of gas temperatures inside a tank during refuelling, then re-cycling a portion of the relatively warmer gas out of the tank during refuelling and back to a gas chiller. The system includes a pressure vessel having a lower end, a first gas port and a second gas port, wherein the second gas port is positioned above the lower end of the pressure vessel; and a cooling circuit connecting the first gas port with the second gas port; whereby gas flowing from an interior cavity of the pressure vessel through the second gas port is cooled in the cooling circuit before returning to the pressure vessel through the first gas port; and whereby a temperature of gas inside the pressure vessel varies from a first temperature at a level of the lower end of the pressure vessel to a second temperature, which is higher than the first temperature, at a level of the second gas port.

Claims

1. A pressure vessel refuelling system, comprising: a pressure vessel having a lower end, a first gas port and a second gas port, wherein the second gas port is positioned above the lower end of the pressure vessel; and a cooling circuit connecting the first gas port with the second gas port; whereby gas flowing from an interior cavity of the pressure vessel through the second gas port is cooled in the cooling circuit before returning to the pressure vessel through the first gas port; and whereby a temperature of gas inside the pressure vessel varies from a first temperature at a level of the lower end of the pressure vessel to a second temperature, which is higher than the first temperature, at a level of the second gas port.

2. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 1, wherein the cooling circuit includes a plurality of pressure vessels connected in parallel in the circuit.

3. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 1, wherein the cooling circuit includes a first pressure vessel connected in series to a plurality of additional pressure vessels connected in parallel in the circuit.

4. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 3, wherein the first pressure vessel connected in series includes a nozzle in an interior cavity of the first pressure vessel, and the plurality of additional pressure vessels connected in parallel in the circuit do not include a nozzle in an interior cavity of the additional pressure vessels.

5. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 1, wherein the cooling circuit includes a plurality of pressure vessels connected in series in the circuit.

6. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 1, wherein an opening to the second gas port is positioned at an upper end of the pressure vessel using an extension pipe positioned inside of the pressure vessel.

7. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 1, wherein a nozzle is in fluid communication with the first gas port, whereby the nozzle and the pressure vessel are thermally coupled such that Joule-Thomson expansion of a gas flowing through the nozzle cools the interior cavity of the pressure vessel.

8. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 7, wherein the nozzle is a convergent-divergent (CD) nozzle.

9. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 7, wherein the nozzle is positioned in the interior cavity of the pressure vessel.

10. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 7, wherein the nozzle is positioned in the interior cavity of the pressure vessel and at the lower end of the pressure vessel.

11. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 7, wherein the nozzle is positioned in the interior cavity of the pressure vessel and spaced away from the first gas port.

12. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 7, wherein the nozzle is positioned outside the interior cavity of the pressure vessel and adjacent the first gas port.

13. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 1, wherein the pressure vessel is a compressed natural gas (CNG) vessel.

14. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 7, wherein an inlet pressure to the nozzle is maintained at a continuous high pressure to increase Joule-Thomson cooling.

15. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 1, wherein the pressure vessel is one of a plurality of pressure vessels used for the transport of compressed natural gas (CNG).

16. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 1, wherein the cooling circuit includes a gas chiller.

17. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 1, wherein the cooling circuit includes a secondary gas compressor.

18. The pressure vessel refuelling system of claim 1, wherein the cooling circuit includes a flow control valve whereby a gas recycle rate through the pressure vessel is controlled.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0036] To assist in understanding the invention and to enable a person skilled in the art to put the invention into practical effect, preferred embodiments of the invention are described below by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0037] FIG. 1 illustrates a pressure vessel refuelling system, including a cooling circuit, which supplies gas at high pressure to CNG transport tanks, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0038] FIG. 2 illustrates another pressure vessel refuelling system, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.

[0039] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that minor deviations from the layout of components as illustrated in the drawings will not detract from the proper functioning of the disclosed embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0040] Embodiments of the present invention comprise systems and methods for refuelling compressed gas pressure vessels using a cooling circuit and in-vessel temperature stratification. Elements of the invention are illustrated in concise outline form in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are necessary to the understanding of the embodiments of the present invention, but so as not to clutter the disclosure with excessive detail that will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the present description.

[0041] In this patent specification, adjectives such as first and second, left and right, front and back, top and bottom, etc., are used solely to define one element or method step from another element or method step without necessarily requiring a specific relative position or sequence that is described by the adjectives. Words such as “comprises” or “includes” are not used to define an exclusive set of elements or method steps. Rather, such words merely define a minimum set of elements or method steps included in a particular embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] According to one aspect, the invention includes a pressure vessel refuelling system, including: a pressure vessel having a lower end, a first gas port and a second gas port, wherein the second gas port is positioned above the lower end of the pressure vessel; and a cooling circuit connecting the first gas port with the second gas port. Gas flowing from an interior cavity of the pressure vessel through the second gas port is cooled in the cooling circuit before returning to the pressure vessel through the first gas port. A temperature of gas inside the pressure vessel varies from a first temperature at a level of the lower end of the pressure vessel to a second temperature, which is higher than the first temperature, at a level of the second gas port.

[0043] Advantages of the present invention include enabling fast fill refuelling of CNG fuel tanks by inducing a stratification of gas temperatures inside a tank during refuelling, then re-cycling a portion of the relatively warmer gas out of the tank during refuelling and back to a gas chiller. That reduces the in-tank temperature rise caused by the heat of compression as gas is added to a tank. According to some embodiments the system thus enables a transport tank used in a CNG “virtual pipeline” to be quickly filled to its capacity pressure rating with managed temperature rise, eliminating the “partial fill” result of prior art processes for refuelling CNG tanks caused by the heat of compression significantly raising tank temperatures.

[0044] In this specification CNG cylinders that supply or store gaseous fuel are synonymously referred to as tanks, vessels, pressure vessels, CNG cylinders and cylinders.

[0045] FIG. 1 illustrates a pressure vessel refuelling system 60, including a cooling circuit, which supplies gas at high pressure to CNG transport tanks 62, 64, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Natural gas enters the system 60 via a supply line 66 at a typical distribution pressure, such as 100-500 psig. The gas then enters a primary gas compressor 68 where it is compressed to a buffer storage pressure such as 3600 psig. A supply line 70 is connected to an output of the primary gas compressor 68 and includes a check valve 72. The supply line 70 supplies gas to both a CNG buffer storage vessel 74 and to a secondary gas compressor 76, which generally has a higher power capacity than the primary gas compressor 68. A supply line 78 is connected to an output of the secondary gas compressor 76 and is at a final supply pressure, such as 5000 psig.

[0046] A gas chiller 80 is used to pre-cool the gas before delivery to the tanks 62, 62. Downstream of the gas chiller 80, a gas coalescer 82 is used to remove excess aerosols from the gas, which are then removed through a condensate drain 84.

[0047] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, standard connectors, bleed valves, etc. are ordinarily included at an interface 86 between supply lines 88 and supply lines 90 that connect directly to the tanks 62, 64. The supply lines 90 are connected directly to nozzles 92, 94 positioned in an interior cavity of the tanks 62, 64. Joule-Thomson expansion of the gas thus occurs almost exclusively inside the tanks 62, 64, reducing overall gas temperature rises inside the tanks 62, 64 due to the heat of compression, as described above.

[0048] Further, as the nozzles 92, 94 are positioned at a lower end of the tanks 62, 64, the cooled gas entering the tanks 62, 64 tends to settle and remain at the lower end of the tanks 62, 64, whereas the relatively warmer and thus less dense gas already present in the tanks 62, 64 tends to rise to the upper end of the tanks 62, 64.

[0049] The tanks 62, 64 further include secondary outlet ports 96, 98 positioned at an upper end of the tanks 62, 64 and connected to a gas recycling line 100. An interface 102, including for example a check valve, bleed valves, etc. connects the recycle line 100 back to the supply line 70 and to an input of the secondary gas compressor 76. A flow control valve 104 enables a gas recycle rate from the tanks 62, 64 to the secondary gas compressor 76 to be controlled. By connecting the recycle line 100 to the supply line 70 that is maintained at the reduced pressure of the CNG buffer storage vessel 74, the compression energy required to circulate gas from the tanks 62, 64 and through the cooling circuit formed by the recycle line 100 is reduced.

[0050] According to embodiments of the present invention, the gas recycling line 100 thus closes a cooling circuit through the tanks 62, 64. During a refuelling process, the mass flow rate of gas into the tanks 62, 64 via the supply lines 90 exceeds the mass flow rate of gas out of the tanks 62, 64 via the gas recycling line 100. The tanks 62, 64 thus are refilled with gas while simultaneously the temperature rise of the gas from the heat of compression can be significantly reduced or eliminated using the cooling circuit that extracts heat from the system 60 through the gas chiller 80.

[0051] Further, because only the relatively warmer gas from the upper end of the tanks 62, 64 is expelled through the secondary outlet ports 96, 98, the cooling circuit is more efficient than would be the case if relatively cooler gas from the lower end of the tanks 62, 64 was circulated through the cooling circuit. As is well known in the art, the efficiency of a cooling circuit transferring heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir is increased when the temperature difference between the reservoirs is increased. The increased temperature difference to ambient in the cooling circuit, in many cases, makes possible heat rejection directly to ambient air without the need for cooling towers or expensive refrigeration.

[0052] The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 is particularly useful for “virtual pipeline” applications, where banks of numerous CNG storage vessels are installed in a shipping container or other transportation configuration to enable transport of CNG gas from a main supply source to local distribution facilities.

[0053] As understood by those skilled in the art, and following basic fluid dynamics principles concerning nozzles, supersonic flow is initiated through the nozzles 92, 94, causing gas flow in the nozzles 92, 94 to be “choked”. Because the supersonic flow near a throat of the nozzles 92, 94 prevents pressure waves from travelling upstream of the nozzles 92, 94, the mass flow rate through the nozzles 92, 94 is generally unaffected by changes in downstream pressure, even as the pressure in the fuel tanks 62, 64 steadily increases.

[0054] Further, Joule-Thomson expansion of the gas across the nozzles 92, 94, causes the gas entering the tanks 62, 64 to substantially cool. However, simultaneously the heat of compression of the gas already inside the fuel tanks 62, 64 tends to cause the gas temperature to increase. The result, according to embodiments of the present invention, is that an overall temperature rise of gas in the tanks 62, 64 during the refuelling process is substantially moderated compared to the prior art. Initial cooling of the gas at the gas chiller 80 further assists in decreasing the temperature rise of the gas during the refuelling process.

[0055] The nozzles 92, 94 can be of various designs, including for example conventional convergent-divergent (CD) nozzles. Alternatively, each nozzle 92, 94 can be replaced by a simple orifice. If the orifices are adequately small, pressure inside the high pressure supply lines 90 can be maintained at or near the storage pressure, such as 5000 psig, and thus most Joule-Thomson expansion and the associated Joule-Thomson cooling of the supplied gas will occur inside the fuel tanks 62, 64 and not in the high pressure supply lines 90.

[0056] The nozzles 92, 94 are positioned inside the tanks 62, 64 and away from the interior surfaces of the tanks 62, 64. That prevents localised intense cooling from Joule-Thomson expansion of the gas severely cooling and possibly compromising the structural integrity of sides of the tanks 62, 64. Any ice or hydrates that form on the divergent section of the nozzles 92, 94 is simply blown off the nozzles 92, 94 by the gas flow and falls into the interior cavity of the tanks 62, 64.

[0057] According to other alternative embodiments of the present invention, the nozzles 92, 94 can be positioned outside of and immediately upstream of the tanks 62, 64. If the high pressure supply lines 90 and the nozzles 92, 94 are thermally insulated from the outside environment, the nozzles 92, 94 still can be adequately thermally coupled to the tanks 62, 64. Joule-Thomson expansion of the gas across the nozzles 92, 94 will thus still cool the interior of the tanks 62, 64 during refuelling.

[0058] FIG. 2 illustrates a pressure vessel refuelling system 110, including a cooling circuit, which supplies gas at high pressure to CNG transport tanks 162, 164, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. The system 110 is similar to the system 60, however as shown the tanks 162, 164 are operated in a horizontal configuration rather in a vertical configuration. Such a horizontal configuration can be more suitable to some gas storage and/or gas transport applications.

[0059] An interface 186 is positioned between the supply lines 88 and a supply line 190 that connects directly to the tanks 162, 164. The supply line 190 is connected directly to a nozzle 192 positioned in an interior cavity of the tank 162. Joule-Thomson expansion of the gas thus occurs almost exclusively inside the tank 162, reducing overall gas temperature rises inside the tank 162 due to the heat of compression, as described above.

[0060] The cooled gas entering the tank 162 tends to settle and remain at the entry end of the tank 162 and otherwise low in tank 162, whereas the relatively warmer and thus less dense gas already present in the tank 162, tends to rise to the upper of the tank 162 and concentrate at the exit end of tank 162.

[0061] The tank 162 further includes a secondary outlet port 196 that is connected to an extension pipe 198 positioned at an upper end of the tank 162 and connected to a gas line 200. The extension pipe 198 ensures that the warmer gas at the exit end of the tank 162 flows into the gas tank 164 via gas line 200 and input port 202.

[0062] The gas recycling line 200 is connected to an input port 202 of the tank 164. Temperature stratification of the gas inside the tank 164 also occurs, enabling relatively warmer gas at the upper exit end of the tank 164 to enter an extension pipe 204 that connects to a gas recycling line 206 at an outlet port 207.

[0063] As shown, one or more additional tanks 166, similar to or identical to the tank 164, can be included in parallel with the tank 164. The tank 162 is thus connected in series with the one or more tanks 164, 166, which are connected in parallel. That enables modified temperature profiles between the relative volumes of the tank 162 (which is the coldest tank during a fill process) and the one or more additional tanks 164, 166. The increased temperature difference (Delta T) between the temperature of the additional tanks 164, 166 and ambient temperature enables more efficient cooling of the additional tanks 164, 166 during a fill process, which in turn enables a faster and more efficient fill process.

[0064] An interface 208, including for example a check valve, bleed valves, etc. then connects the recycling line 206 back to the supply line 70 and to an input of the secondary gas compressor 76, thus completing the cooling circuit.

[0065] In summary, advantages of the present invention include enabling fast fill refuelling of CNG fuel tanks by inducing a stratification of gas temperatures inside a tank during refuelling, then re-cycling a portion of the relatively warmer gas out of the tank during refuelling and back to a gas chiller. That reduces the in-tank temperature rise caused by the heat of compression as gas is added to a tank. The system thus enables a tank to be quickly filled to its name plate capacity, with managed temperature rise, eliminating the “partial fill” result of prior art processes for refuelling CNG tanks caused by the heat of compression significantly raising tank temperatures. Further the use of temperature stratification expands heat rejection options, in many cases making possible heat rejection directly to ambient air without the need for cooling towers or expensive refrigeration.

[0066] The above description of various embodiments of the present invention is provided for purposes of description to one of ordinary skill in the related art. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to a single disclosed embodiment. As mentioned above, numerous alternatives and variations to the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art of the above teaching. Accordingly, while some alternative embodiments have been discussed specifically, other embodiments will be apparent or relatively easily developed by those of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, this patent specification is intended to embrace all alternatives, modifications and variations of the present invention that have been discussed herein, and other embodiments that fall within the spirit and scope of the above described invention.