LARGE SURFACE AREA TEMPERATURE SENSING DEVICE

Abstract

A temperature probe for monitoring temperatures of a surface of a tissue or organ within the body of a subject includes a section with a substantially two-dimensional arrangement and a plurality of temperature sensors positioned across an area defined by the substantially two-dimensional arrangement. Such an apparatus may be used in conjunction with procedures in which thermal techniques are used to diagnose a disease state or treat diseased tissue. Specifically, a temperature probe may be used to monitor temperatures across an area of a surface of a tissue or organ located close to the treated tissue to prevent subjection of the monitored tissue or organ to potentially damaging temperatures.

Claims

1. A temperature probe, comprising: an elongate element including a distal end, having a nonlinear arrangement defined by a series of bends that cause the elongate element to sequentially extend across a longitudinal axis thereof at a series of locations toward the distal end and to be substantially two-dimensional, and having sufficient flexibility to enable an entirety of the substantially two-dimensional nonlinear arrangement to reversibly three-dimensionally deform to an area of an interior surface of a portion of an esophagus of a subject as the substantially two-dimensional nonlinear arrangement is positioned against the area of the interior surface of the portion of the esophagus; and a plurality of temperature sensors carried sequentially along a length of a distal portion of the elongate element so as to be arranged to make simultaneous contact with the interior surface of the portion of the esophagus by the distal portion of the elongate element when the distal portion is positioned against the area of the internal surface of the portion of the esophagus.

2. The temperature probe of claim 1, wherein the series of bends define a wave configuration.

3. The temperature probe of claim 1, wherein a width of the nonlinear arrangement corresponds to a lateral (x-axis) distance between two laterally alternating bends of the series of bends.

4. The temperature probe of claim 1, wherein the nonlinear arrangement includes at least four alternating bends.

5. The temperature probe of claim 1, wherein the distal end of the elongate element is substantially in-line with a portion of the elongate element proximal to the nonlinear arrangement.

6. The temperature probe of claim 1, wherein the nonlinear arrangement has: a length that coincides with a remainder of a length of the elongate element; a width exceeding a width of the elongate element; and a thickness of about a same thickness as the elongate element and any additional elements carried by the elongate element.

7. The temperature probe of claim 6, wherein a combined width of the nonlinear arrangement and the plurality of temperature sensors carried by the nonlinear arrangement is capable of residing within the interior of the esophagus without substantially deforming a cross-sectional shape of the interior of the esophagus.

8. The temperature probe of claim 7, wherein the width of the nonlinear arrangement is about 14 mm to about 30 mm.

9. The temperature probe of claim 1, wherein the nonlinear arrangement is capable of being placed against and reversibly three-dimensionally deforming to a shape of the interior surface of the esophagus without substantially deforming the shape of the interior surface and/or without substantially displacing tissue of the esophagus.

10. A temperature probe, comprising: an elongate element including a substantially two-dimensional portion with a nonlinear arrangement having a wave configuration and being entirely three-dimensionally deformable to a shape of an interior of a portion of an esophagus of a subject when the nonlinear arrangement is positioned against the interior of the portion of the esophagus, the wave configuration comprising deviations from the longitudinal axis and having an amplitude that defines a width of the nonlinear arrangement; and a plurality of temperature sensors carried sequentially along a length of the nonlinear arrangement so as to be arranged by the wave configuration in an area array over the interior of the portion of the esophagus.

11. The temperature probe of claim 10, wherein the nonlinear arrangement can simultaneously place the plurality of temperature sensors against the interior of the portion of the esophagus.

12. The temperature probe of claim 10, wherein the substantially two-dimensional portion is preformed to have the nonlinear arrangement in a relaxed state.

13. The temperature probe of claim 10, wherein the deviations of the wave configuration include at least four alternating bends.

14. The temperature probe of claim 10, wherein a thickness of the substantially two-dimensional portion of the elongate member of the temperature probe is about the same as a diameter of the elongate element and any additional elements carried by the elongate member.

15. The temperature probe of claim 10, wherein the nonlinear arrangement can be positioned against the interior of the portion of the esophagus without substantially deforming a shape of the interior of the esophagus.

16. The temperature probe of claim 10, wherein the nonlinear arrangement can be positioned against the interior of the portion of the esophagus without substantially displacing tissue of the esophagus.

17. The temperature probe of claim 10, wherein the nonlinear arrangement can be positioned within the interior of the portion of the esophagus without substantially deforming a cross-sectional shape of the interior of the portion of the esophagus.

18. The temperature probe of claim 10, wherein the width of the nonlinear arrangement is about 14 mm to about 30 mm.

19. An apparatus for monitoring a temperature across an area of an interior surface of a first organ of a subject adjacent to a second organ of the subject being treated with heat or cold, the apparatus comprising: a substantially two dimensional arrangement having a forked configuration with two or more substantially parallel arms; and a plurality of temperature sensors arranged across the substantially two dimensional arrangement, at least one temperature sensor being carried by each arm of the two or more substantially parallel arms.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the forked configuration includes three substantially parallel arms, each carrying a plurality of temperature sensors.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] In the drawings,

[0020] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional representation of a portion of a human body illustrating the relationship between the esophagus and the heart;

[0021] FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of a temperature probe with an elongate member that includes a section with a substantially two-dimensional arrangement and temperature sensors arranged along the section of the elongate member in such a way that, when the section is in its substantially two-dimensional arrangement, the temperature sensors are arranged in an area array;

[0022] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate different embodiments of the elongate members of a temperature probe of the present invention;

[0023] FIG. 3 illustrates the embodiment of temperature probe shown in FIG. 2, in a substantially linear, or one-dimensional, configuration when disposed within a lumen of a catheter having a substantially linear, or one-dimensional, configuration;

[0024] FIG. 4 depicts relaxation of a segment of the embodiment of temperature probe shown in FIG. 2 to its substantially two-dimensional arrangement upon exiting a distal end of the catheter of FIG. 3;

[0025] FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a temperature probe with an elongate member that includes a flexible section that, in its relaxed state, may be substantially linear, or one-dimensional, and that includes a flexible section that carries a plurality of temperature sensors;

[0026] FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a shaped wire with a section that, in its relaxed state, has a substantially two-dimensional arrangement;

[0027] FIG. 7 depicts introduction of the embodiment of temperature probe shown in FIG. 5 into an interior of a hollow organ of a subject;

[0028] FIG. 8 depicts introduction of the shaped wire of FIG. 6 into the temperature probe of FIG. 5, with the section that has the substantially two-dimensional arrangement deformed to a substantially linear, or one-dimensional, configuration;

[0029] FIG. 9 shows the flexible section of the temperature probe of FIGS. 5 and 6 in substantially two-dimensional arrangement when the shaped portion of the wire of FIG. 6 assumes its substantially two-dimensional arrangement within the flexible section;

[0030] FIGS. 10 through 17 depict various embodiments of two-dimensional configurations in which a section of a temperature probe of the present invention may be arranged;

[0031] FIGS. 18 through 20 illustrate an embodiment of temperature probe configured to be mechanically arranged in a substantially two-dimensional arrangement upon being positioned at or near a desired location;

[0032] FIGS. 21 and 22 depict embodiments of temperature probes that include similar elements to the embodiment shown by FIGS. 18 through 20; and

[0033] FIG. 23 schematically depicts use of an embodiment of a temperature probe of the present invention in conjunction with a procedure in which a thermal technique is employed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] As shown in FIG. 2, a temperature probe 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes an elongate member 20 with a proximal portion 22, an intermediate portion 24, and a distal portion 26. In addition, temperature probe 10 includes a plurality of temperature sensors 30 located along one or both of intermediate portion 24 and distal portion 26. More specifically, temperature sensors 30 are positioned along a section 28 of elongate member 20 that is configured to have a substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40 when placed adjacent to or against an area of a surface of a tissue or organ in the body of a subject. Section 28 may also carry other elements, such as radioopaque markers, echogenic markers, other sensors, and the like. The shape of the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40 distributes three or more temperature sensors 30 over an area (e.g., an area array in the depicted embodiment) that is relatively large when compared with the miniscule area covered by elongate member 20 itself. Temperature sensors 30 may be arranged across an area array in which at least two temperature sensors 30 spaced laterally (x-axis X) apart from each other a first distance that exceeds a width of elongate member 20 and at least two temperature sensors 30 spaced vertically (y-axis Y) apart from each other a second distance that is at least as great as the first distance.

[0035] Elongate member 20 may, in various embodiments, have a length of about 20 cm to about 200 cm. The substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40 may have a width that exceeds a diameter of elongate member 20 by at least ten percent. In a specific embodiment, the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40 covers an area with a width of about 10 mm to about 30 mm and a length of about 40 mm to about 80 mm, although substantially two-dimensional arrangements that cover narrower areas, wider areas, shorter areas, and longer areas are also within the scope of the present invention.

[0036] In some embodiments, such as that depicted by FIG. 2, section 28 of elongate member 20 may be configured in the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40 while in a relaxed state. The material from which elongate member 20 is formed may, in such embodiments, be somewhat flexible and elastic, at least under certain conditions (e.g., when placed under a load, with or without other conditions), to enable elongation of section 28 from the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40 to a more linear, substantially one-dimensional, configuration. For example, section 28 may be elongated when placed under a load within the lumen 52 of a catheter 50, as shown in FIG. 3.

[0037] A variety of materials are suitable for forming a pre-shaped but flexible elongate member 20 (or at least section 28 thereof), including plastics and metal alloys. In embodiments where section 28 of elongate member 20 is formed from a plastic, the plastic may comprise a polyester, a polyurethane, a latex, polyvinyl chloride, and the polyether block amide marketed as PEBAX®. Metals and/or metal alloys that may be used to form elongate member 20 include, but are not limited to, shape memory alloys such as the nickel-titanium alloy referred to as NITINOL (for nickel titanium naval ordinance laboratory), steel, nickel-titanium, cobalt-chromium, and the cobalt-based alloy available under the trade name ELIGLOY®. An elongate member 20 that is formed from a metal or metal alloy may, in some embodiments, be coated with a softer polymer to prevent damage to the tissues and organs of the body of a subject into which temperature probe 10 is introduced. In some embodiments, the entire elongate member 20 may be formed from the same material, while other embodiments of elongate member 20 have hybrid constructions, such as a metal proximal portion 22 joined to a plastic or shape memory alloy distal portion 26.

[0038] As depicted by FIG. 2A, in some embodiments, including embodiments in which elongate member 20 is formed from a plastic, elongate member 20 may comprise a tubular member with one or more lumens 21a, 21b, 21c (three are shown) extending therethrough. Lumen 21a of such an elongate member 20 may be configured to accommodate wires (e.g., thermally conductive elements or electrically conductive wires 32 that lead to temperature sensors 30, to other sensors, etc.) or other elements of temperature probe 10. Lumen 21b may be configured to transport fluids into (e.g., fluids that provide a heat sink, cooled fluids to decrease a temperature of the sensed tissue, heated fluids to increase a temperature of the sensed tissue, etc.) or out of the subject's body, or to provide a pathway by which other medical devices may be introduced into the subject's body. Lumen 21c of elongate member 20 may be configured to receive a guide wire.

[0039] As an alternative to wires 32 that extend through an interior (e.g., through a lumen 21a) of elongate member 20, wires 32 may be carried upon an exterior of elongate member 20 (including embodiments in which elongate member 20 includes one or more lumens 21a, 21b, 21c, as well as embodiments in which elongate member 20 lacks lumens, or has a solid cross-section), as illustrated by FIG. 2B. Various embodiments of externally carried wires 32 include wires that are defined by etching a metal film formed on an external surface of elongate member 20, wires that are stamped or printed onto the external surface of elongate member 20, and wires that are discrete from, but carried by (e.g., wrapped around, etc.) the external surface of elongate member 20. Of course, in embodiments where elongate member 20 is formed from a metal or metal alloy, electrically insulative elements (e.g., a dielectric coating, etc.) (not shown) may electrically isolate wires 32 that are carried by the exterior surface of elongate member 20 from the material of elongate member 20.

[0040] As depicted by FIG. 2B, in some embodiments, elongate member 20 may have a solid cross section.

[0041] Each temperature sensor 30 of the temperature probe 10 may comprise any suitable type of temperature sensor known in the art. In various embodiments, thermocouples or thermistors that have been swaged to metal or thermally conductive (e.g., platinum, platinum-iridium, gold, etc.) sensors may be used as temperature sensors 30. Each temperature sensor 30 may comprise a single element configured to detect a single temperature at a particular location. Alternatively, one or more temperature sensors 30 of a temperature probe 10 of the present invention may include a plurality of ganged temperature sensing elements, each of which may sense and/or report a different temperature to provide a more accurate temperature reading at a particular location.

[0042] Wires 32 that communicate with temperature sensors 30 (or with individual temperature sensing elements of a temperature sensor 30) extend proximally along elongate member 20 to a suitable connector 34 associated with proximal portion 22 of elongate member 20. In some embodiments, connector 34 may comprise a known 400 series connector or a known series 700 connector, such as, or similar to, those manufactured by Datex Ohmeda, GE Medical, Nihon Kohden, or Vital Signs, Inc.

[0043] Connector 34 enables connection of wires 32 and, thus, thermal sensors 30 to a suitable temperature monitor (not shown) that, in turn, communicates with a processing element (not shown) associated with a temperature display system 36. In the depicted embodiment, display system 36 includes a display element 37 that shows the temperatures 38a, 38b, etc., monitored at various locations that correspond to the locations of temperature sensors 30 in the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40 of section 28 of elongate member 20. Temperatures 38a, 38b, etc., may be visually arranged in a manner that corresponds to the physical arrangement of temperature sensors 30 across the substantially two dimensional configuration 40. Additionally, display system 36 may clearly identify the warmest and coolest sensed temperatures 38a, 38b, etc. (e.g., by color, such as red and blue, respectively; by fast and slow flashing, respectively; etc.). Display system 36 may also present a rate 39 at which a sensed temperature is changing. The rate 39 of temperature change may be displayed numerically or, as depicted, graphically.

[0044] With reference to FIG. 3, an embodiment of a method for introducing a temperature probe 10 into a body of a subject is depicted. Specifically, temperature probe 10 is introduced into a lumen 52 of a substantially linear, or one-dimensional, catheter 50. Catheter 50 is sufficiently rigid to cause section 28 of elongate element 20 of temperature probe 10 to flex and, thus, to straighten while catheter 50 maintains its substantial linearity. In some embodiments, catheter 50 may also be sufficiently flexible to move through curved cavities or vessels. With the non-linear, substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40 (FIG. 2) of elongate element 20 of temperature probe 10 confined within lumen 52 of catheter 50 in a substantially linear configuration, temperature probe 10 may be easily introduced into a hollow area H within the body of a subject.

[0045] Once distal portion 26 of elongate element 20 of temperature probe 10 has been positioned within hollow area H, distal portion 26 and section 28 may be pushed out of a distal end 54 of lumen 52 and into hollow area H, where section 28 may assume its relaxed, substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40, as shown by FIG. 4.

[0046] As an alternative to the use of a catheter 50 to straighten temperature probe 10 and introduce a distal portion 26 of the same into hollow area H, a proximal end of a guide wire whose distal end has already been introduced into hollow area H may be introduced into a lumen 21c (FIG. 2A) of elongate member 30. The rigidity of the guide wire may be sufficient to straighten section 28 of elongate member 30, facilitating its introduction into hollow area H. Once section 28 has been introduced to a desired location, the guide wire may be removed from lumen 21c, allowing section 28 to assume the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40.

[0047] Another embodiment of temperature probe 10′ of the present invention is depicted by FIGS. 5 through 9. As depicted by FIG. 5, temperature probe 10′ comprises a substantially one-dimensional elongate member 20′ with the same features as elongate member 20 (FIG. 2), with the primary exception being that section 28′ of elongate member 20′ is not shaped to have a substantially two-dimensional configuration 40 (FIG. 2). Instead, section 28′ of elongate member 20′ of temperature probe 10′ is flexible, and may be deformed to take on a substantially two-dimensional configuration 40 (FIG. 2).

[0048] As depicted by FIGS. 6 and 7, a lumen 21′ that extends through the length of elongate member 20′ is configured to receive a shaped wire 60. As shown in FIG. 6, prior to its introduction into lumen 21′, shaped wire 60 includes a section 62 that, in its relaxed state, has a substantially two-dimensional arrangement 64. Shaped wire 60 is a flexible element that may be substantially straightened. In various embodiments, shaped wire 60 may be formed from a somewhat rigid, yet flexible plastic or a metal or metal alloy, such as a shape memory alloy that is flexible at room temperature, but that becomes rigid when heated (e.g., to a subject's body temperature, etc.).

[0049] FIG. 7 illustrates the introduction of distal and intermediate portions 26′ and 24′ of elongate member 20′ of temperature probe 10 into a hollow area H of the body of a subject. As elongate member 20′ is introduced into hollow area H, so are temperature sensors 30 that are carried by section 28′. Due to its substantially linear, or one-dimensional configuration, known techniques may be used to introduce elongate member 20′ into hollow area H.

[0050] Thereafter, shaped wire 60 may be introduced into lumen 21′ of elongate member 20′ of temperature probe 10′, as illustrated by FIG. 8. As shaped wire 60 is introduced into lumen 21′, section 62 of shaped wire 60 may be deformed (e.g., by the rigidity of a proximal portion 22′ and/or intermediate portion 24′ of elongate member 20′ (FIG. 5), by temperature-dependent flexibility, etc.) to render section 62 substantially linear, or to have a one-dimensional configuration. Such deformation of section 62 enables shaped wire 60 to be easily introduced into a temperature probe 10′ that has been inserted into hollow area H.

[0051] When section 62 (FIG. 6) of shaped wire 60 has been introduced into section 28′ of elongate member 20′ of temperature probe 10′, section 62 may assume the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 64 (e.g., due to flexibility of section 28′, upon being heated to or beyond a transition temperature, etc.), as depicted by FIG. 9. As section 62 of shaped wire 60 assumes the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 64, the flexibility of section 28′ also allows it to be drawn into a corresponding, substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40′. With section 28′ of elongate member 20′ in the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40′, temperature sensors 30 (FIG. 5) that are carried by section 28′ are spread across an area defined by the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40′.

[0052] Referring now to FIGS. 10 through 16, various embodiments of substantially two-dimensional arrangements 40 are depicted along with possible arrangements of temperature sensors 30. Specifically, FIGS. 10 through 12 show different embodiments of serpentine, or S, arrangements, while FIGS. 13 and 14 depict examples of spiral, or pigtail, arrangements, and FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate different looped arrangements. Of course, substantially two-dimensional arrangements 40 of other shapes and configurations are also within the scope of the present invention.

[0053] FIG. 17 illustrates a forked embodiment of temperature probe 10″ with an enlarged distal portion 22″ that includes two or more substantially parallel arms 22a″, 22b″, etc. (the depicted embodiment includes a distal portion 22″ with three arms 22a″, 22b″, and 22c″). As illustrated, each arm 22a″, 22b″, and 22c″ carries at least one temperature sensor 30. In some embodiments, one or more arms 22a″, 22b″, 22c″, etc., may carry more than one temperature sensor 30.

[0054] FIGS. 18 through 20 illustrate another embodiment of temperature probe 100, which is configured to be mechanically arranged in a substantially two-dimensional arrangement upon being positioned at or near a desired location.

[0055] As shown in FIG. 18, temperature probe 100 includes an introductory catheter 150, an elongate member 120 at least partially carried by introductory catheter 150, and a plurality of temperature sensors 30 carried by a distal portion 126 of elongate member 120.

[0056] Elongate member 120 includes a proximally located pull wire 121. A user engagement element 110 is associated with a proximal end 122 of pull wire 121 to facilitate movement of elongate member 120 through a lumen 152 of introductory catheter 150. Pull wire 121 may extend along substantially the entire length of elongate member 120. In the depicted embodiment, an intermediate portion 124 of pull wire 121 extends through a slip ring 125, to which proximal ends 128 of two or more loop wires 127 are secured. Each loop wire 127 carries at least one temperature sensor 30 and, as depicted, at least one loop wire 127 may carry a plurality of temperature sensors 30. Distal ends 129 of loop wires 127 are secured to pull wire 121 at or near its distal end 126. In some embodiments, distal ends 129 of loop wires 127 may be fixedly secured to pull wire 121.

[0057] Distal end 126 of pull wire 121 may be configured or covered with an element that prevents trauma to the tissues of a subject as pull wire 121 is advanced distally and distal end 126 exits introductory catheter 150.

[0058] In the arrangement shown by FIG. 18, loop wires 127 are contained within lumen 152 of introductory catheter 150. This arrangement facilitates the introduction of a distal portion of temperature probe 100 into a hollow area of a subject's body. Once the distal portion of temperature probe 100 has been placed at a desired location, elongate member 120 may be pushed distally through lumen 152 until proximal ends 128 of loop wires 127 and slip ring 125 have exited a distal end 154 of lumen 152 of introductory catheter 150, as depicted by FIG. 19.

[0059] Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 20, pull wire 121 may be proximally withdrawn. As pull wire 121 is proximally withdrawn, slip ring 125, proximal ends 128 of loop wires 127, and/or an engagement element (not shown) associated with slip ring 125 or with proximal ends 128 engage distal end 154 of introductory catheter 150. As pull wire 121 is further withdrawn and proximal ends 128 are held into place relative to distal end 154, loop wires 127 bow outwardly, providing a distal portion of temperature probe 100 with a substantially two-dimensional arrangement 140. While the distal portion of temperature probe 100 is in the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 140, temperature sensors 30 that are carried by loop wires 127 are spread across an area defined by the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 140. The area over which loop wires 127 spread depends, of course, upon the degree to which pull wire 121 is withdrawn.

[0060] With reference again to FIG. 18, user engagement element 110 and pull wire 121 may be associated with each other in such a way as to impart a user with control over an orientation of the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 140 (FIG. 20). In some embodiments, user engagement element 110 and pull wire 121 may be manipulated to enable deflection (e.g., of up to about 5°, etc.) of the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 140 in any direction relative to an axis of elongate member 120.

[0061] A position of pull wire 121 relative to introductory catheter 150 and, thus, the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 140 (FIG. 20) of the distal portion of temperature probe 100, may be maintained by causing a locking element 159 associated with a proximal end 158 of introductory catheter 150 to engage a proximal portion 122 of pull wire 121 (e.g., by screwing locking element 159 down into proximal portion 122, etc.).

[0062] Instead of requiring that distal portion 126 of pull wire 121 be partially withdrawn into lumen 152 of introductory catheter 150 to expand loop wires 127, in other embodiments, a flexible element, such as a balloon 170 enclosed within a mesh basket 180 or a mesh basket 180 alone, may be secured to loop wires 127, as shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, respectively. Balloon 170 may be inflated by known techniques. Mesh basket 180 may comprise a compressed element that, when removed from lumen 152 of introductory catheter 150, automatically expands. Mesh basket 180 may have a substantially two-dimensional configuration (e.g., having a narrow oval, or pancake, cross-sectional shape, etc.) so as to minimize or even prevent manipulation of the shape, displacement, and/or blockage of the hollow organ within which either of these elements are placed. In embodiments including a balloon 170, mesh basket 180 may constrain the shape of the balloon 170 to the substantially two-dimensional configuration. In some embodiments, balloon 170 or mesh basket 180 may carry temperature sensors 30 until sufficient air pressure is added to balloon 170 to impart it with a more three-dimensional configuration.

[0063] With reference now to FIG. 23, an embodiment of a method, or procedure, is depicted in which an embodiment of temperature probe 10 of the present invention is used to monitor temperatures at a plurality of locations across an area of a surface S of second tissue or an organ T.sub.2 in the body of a subject as a first tissue or organ T.sub.1 of the subject's body is subjected to a thermal technique. A plurality of temperature sensors 30 distributed across an area defined by a substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40 of a section 28 of an elongate member 20 is placed against surface S. Section 28 may be placed against surface S without substantially deforming surface S or the shape of second tissue or organ T.sub.2 of which surface S is a part, without substantially displacing any part of second tissue or organ T.sub.2, and/or without preventing second tissue or organ T.sub.2 from functioning properly as the temperature of surface S is monitored. In some embodiments, section 28 may deform slightly to conform to a shape of surface S.

[0064] If any portion of the monitored area of surface S approaches a potentially damaging (cold or hot) temperature, precautionary measures may be taken. Various embodiments of such precautionary measures include, but are not limited to, temporary termination of the thermal technique, changing the temperature of the affected portion of second tissue or organ T.sub.2, and/or movement of the affected portion of second tissue or organ T.sub.2 away from first tissue or organ T.sub.1. Various embodiments for moving the affected portion of second tissue or organ T.sub.2 include, but are not limited to, deformation of second tissue or organ T.sub.2 to a flattened (e.g., narrowed oval) shape (e.g., by modifying an area occupied by the substantially two-dimensional arrangement 40 of section 28, etc.), manipulation of a position of temperature sensor 10 within the body of the subject to move a portion of second tissue or organ T.sub.2, or any other suitable technique for moving tissue with temperature sensor 10.

[0065] Although the foregoing description contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention, but merely as providing illustrations of some embodiments. Similarly, other embodiments of the invention may be devised which lie within the scope of the present invention. Features from different embodiments may be employed in combination. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated and limited only by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the foregoing description. All additions, deletions and modifications to the invention as disclosed herein which fall within the meaning and scope of the claims are to be embraced thereby.