Method to remove a plurality of heavy metals from wastewater using activated partially charred rice husks

Abstract

The inventive subject matter disclosed herein includes multiple novel filter media made of activated rice husks, as well as filtration systems and methods for removing contaminants from an aqueous solution, such as wastewater produced as a byproduct of various industrial processes, including mining, oil and gas exploration and extraction, farming, manufacturing, and the like.

Claims

1. A method to remove a plurality of heavy metals from wastewater comprising: a method of making activated partially charred rice husks consisting essentially of: providing rice husks, exposing the rice husks to a heat source to heat the rice husks to a temperature of between about 250° C. and about 550° C. for a period of between about 1 to about 10 minutes in at atmosphere having less than 2 percent oxygen in order to at least partially char the rice husks; removing the partially charred rice husks from the heat source, cooling the partially charred rice husks to an ambient temperature, and treating the partially charred rice husks to provide a filtration media having ion exchange capacity; drying the filtration media; wherein the activated partially charred rice husks have a silicon content of not greater than 40 percent, range from between about 0.1-2 mm in length, have a specific surface area of between 400-500 m.sup.2/g, and have a porosity between 0.4 to 0.55; passing the wastewater through said filtration media to remove the heavy metals from the wastewater; and regenerating the filtration media by washing the partially charred rice husks with an aqueous acid solution.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of: treating the partially charred rice husks to provide a filtration media having ion exchange capacity comprises: attaching ion exchange compounds to the surface of the rice husk by: mixing the partially charred rice husks with a sufficient amount of an ethanol/butanol mixture; providing a calcium salt to the partially charred rice husks; adding a sufficient amount of a weak acid to the partially charred rice husks to affix a calcium cation to the partially charred rice husks; and washing the partially charred rice husks with a strong acid to affix the calcium cation to the partially charred rice husks; and drying the partially charred rice husks at 150-170° C. for several hours to form the filtration media.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of heavy metals consists essentially of manganese, zinc, and nickel.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of heavy metals consists essentially of chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of passing the wastewater through said filtration media with a solution of tartaric acid for no more than 2 minutes.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of passing the wastewater through said filtration media with a solution of soda bicarbonate (5%) for no more than 2 minutes.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a flow chart for a method of producing a first example embodiment of a filtration media, in accordance with the disclosure herein.

(2) FIG. 2 is a flow chart for a method of producing a second example embodiment of a filtration media, in accordance with the disclosure herein.

(3) FIG. 3 is a flow chart for a method of producing a third example embodiment of a filtration media, in accordance with the disclosure herein.

(4) FIG. 4 is a flow chart for a method of producing a fourth example embodiment of the filtration media, in accordance with the disclosure herein.

(5) FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an example embodiment of a filter device, in accordance with the disclosure herein.

(6) FIG. 6 is a first example embodiment of a filtration system, in accordance with the disclosure herein.

(7) FIG. 7 is a second example embodiment of a filtration system, in accordance with the disclosure herein.

(8) FIG. 8 is a third example embodiment of a filtration system, in accordance with the disclosure herein.

(9) FIG. 9 is a fourth example embodiment of a filtration system, in accordance with the disclosure herein.

(10) FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of an example embodiment of a filter, as illustrated in the filtration system of FIG. 9, in accordance with the disclosure herein.

(11) FIG. 11 is a black and white photograph of an intact rice husk that makes up an activated carbon filtration media, namely 901Y at magnification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(12) The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the presently disclosed subject matter. While the following terms are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the following definitions are set forth to facilitate explanation of the presently disclosed subject matter.

(13) All technical and scientific terms used herein, unless otherwise defined below, are intended to have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. References to techniques employed herein are intended to refer to the techniques as commonly understood in the art, including variations on those techniques or substitutions of equivalent techniques that would be apparent to one skilled in the art. In describing the presently disclosed subject matter, it will be understood that a number of techniques and steps are disclosed. Each of these has individual benefit and each can also be used in conjunction with one or more, or in some cases all, of the other disclosed techniques.

(14) Accordingly, for the sake of clarity, this description will refrain from repeating every possible combination of the individual steps in an unnecessary fashion. Nevertheless, the specification and claims should be read with the understanding that such combinations are entirely within the scope of the invention and the claims. Following long-standing patent law convention, the terms “a”, “an”, and “the” refer to “one or more” when used in this application, including the claims. Thus, for example, reference to “a cell” includes a plurality of such cells, and so forth. Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in this specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the presently disclosed subject matter. As used herein, the term “about,” when referring to a value or to an amount of a composition, mass, weight, temperature, time, volume, concentration, percentage, etc., is meant to encompass variations of in some embodiments ±20%, in some embodiments ±10%, in some embodiments ±5%, in some embodiments ±1%, in some embodiments ±0.5%, and in some embodiments ±0.1% from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods or employ the disclosed compositions.

(15) The term “comprising”, which is synonymous with “including” “containing” or “characterized by” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. “Comprising” is a term of art used in claim language which means that the named elements are essential, but other elements can be added and still form a construct within the scope of the claim. As used herein, the phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim. When the phrase “consists of” appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole. As used herein, the phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps, plus those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed subject matter. With respect to the terms “comprising”, “consisting of”, and “consisting essentially of”, where one of these three terms is used herein, the presently disclosed and claimed subject matter can include the use of either of the other two terms. As used herein, the term “and/or” when used in the context of a listing of entities, refers to the entities being present singly or in combination. Thus, for example, the phrase “A, B, C, and/or D” includes A, B, C, and D individually, but also includes any and all combinations and sub-combinations of A, B, C, and D.

(16) Figures (also “FIGS.”) 1 through 11 show various example embodiments of filtration systems, methods of manufacturing filtration media, and methods of removing contaminants from a water source. The water source can include: pre and post treatment of industrial wastes; pre and post treatment of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes; municipal treatment of water; and residential treatment of potable and storm water.

(17) In general, most wastewater contaminated with heavy metal contaminants will have such heavy metals present, including particulate and dissolved heavy metal contaminants. While the level of contamination can vary widely, most wastewater sources needing treatment will have heavy metal contaminant concentration levels ranging from about 1 to about 1,000 parts per million (ppm). The carbon content of rice husks is a major chemical component in the chemical composition thereof. Typically, rice husk has a chemical composition similar to that of many common organic fibers, having, before processing, 40-50% cellulose content, 25-30% lignin content, 15-20% ash content, and 8-10% moisture content. It should be noted that other organic fiber materials may be used in lieu of rice husks without deviating from the scope of the present invention. Some examples of other suitable organic fibers include, without limitation, peanut shells, sunflower seed shells, and/or pumpkin seed shells. Rice husks have a general size (e.g., length) ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, however rice husks having sizes outside of this range are also suitable for processing to use as filtration media. Upon processing the charred organics fibers form an activated carbon media suitable to remove contaminants from wastewater.

(18) A first example embodiment of a method of manufacturing an activated carbon filtration media 901X from rice husks is shown generally in the flow chart of FIG. 1. A first step of this first method includes placing rice husks in an enclosed space. In some respects, the enclosed space is very large and contains various equipment (e.g., a conveyor belt system, a series of trays, etc.) capable at operating at high temperatures in order to produce a large volume of the activated rice husks. A second step then includes removing oxygen from the enclosed space in which the rice husks are contained to create a limited oxygen condition therein (e.g., so that oxygen is less than about two percent of the atmosphere present during pyrolysis), charring the rice husks via a heater for a period of time, and removing the charred rice husks from the enclosed space. The charring of the rice husks is accomplished by elevating the temperature of the rice husks to between about 250° C. to about 550° C. for a period of about 1 to 10 minutes. It is particularly preferred for the temperature of the rice husks to be elevated to a temperature of about 400° C. for a period of about 1 minute, but not to a temperature or length of heating to develop ash. This condition can be verified by having no more than 40 percent silicon content in the media, but preferably between 25-40 percent silicon content. The activated carbon filtration media of the present invention are charred organic non-particulate fibers having the following physical properties.

(19) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Physical Properties of Activated Carbon Filtration Media Range Unit Bulk Density 0.7-0.9 g/cm.sup.3 Solid Density 1.2-2.0 g/cm.sup.3 Size 0.5-5   mm Surface Charge Density 0.01 Columbus/cm.sup.2 Porosity  0.4-0.55 Specific Surface Area 200-400 m.sup.2/g pH (operation)  4-10 Silt Density Index  30-100 μm

(20) During the charring process, the surface area of the rice husks forms activated rice husks made of microporous mesh structures suitable for capturing and removing particulate metals passing through a filter containing the activated carbon filtration media. These metals filtered by the activated carbon can be removed through an adsorption process, thereby enabling reuse of the filtration media.

(21) A second example embodiment of a method of manufacturing a second activated carbon filtration media 901Y is shown generally in the flow chart of FIG. 2. A first step of this second method includes immersing the activated rice husks 901X in a solution of 1N nitric acid (HNO.sub.3) at room temperature (e.g., approximately 25° C.) for approximately one hour. A second step includes removing the activated rice husks 901X from the nitric acid solution. A third step involves drying the acid-treated rice husks at a temperature from about 80-100° C. for a period of approximately 2 hours. The result of the acid treatment is that the corrosive effect of the acid on the activated rice husks 901X further degrades the structure of the activated rice husks, with this degradation being in the form of making the surface rougher and increase the micro-porosity characteristics and effective surface area of the activated rice husks 901X. In some embodiments, the increase in effective surface area is approximately 15-20 percent or more. The physical properties of 901Y activated carbon filtration media is similar to 901X activated carbon filtration media. Through the nitric acid process, activated rice husks will have more porous and surface area. In general, the surface area of treated rice husks will increase to 15-20 percent more as compared to 901X media, approximately 500 m.sup.2/g. Referring to FIG. 11, the intact non-particulate rice husk that makes up the activated carbon filtration media 901Y is shown at magnification.

(22) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 The adsorption capacity of 901X and 901Y Cu = 10 mg/g 901X-901Y Zn = 4 mg/g 901X-901Y Ni = 12 mg/g 901X-901Y Pb = 7 mg/g of 901X-901Y Cr = 5 mg/g of 901X-901Y First Pseudo-Kinetic of Cr = initial 7 mg/l: Log (qe − qt) = Log qe − K*t K = 0.05 1/min

(23) A third example embodiment of a method of manufacturing a third activated carbon filtration media 901Z is shown generally in the flow chart of FIG. 3. A first step includes mixing the heat activated rice husks 901X with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, C.sub.10H.sub.16N.sub.2O.sub.8), Portland Cement (CaO), and sand in a 1:1:3:3 ratio (e.g., 1 part EDTA, 1 part activated rice husk 901X, 3 parts CaO, and 3 parts sand) as Cation Resins. A second step includes drying the mixture at room temperature (e.g., 25° C.) for approximately 24 hours. In an alternate embodiment, the second step includes heating the mixture produced from the first step to a temperature of between approximately 80-100° C. for 10-14 hours. It is also possible for intermediate combinations of elevated temperatures and time periods to be selected, using more moderate temperatures for time periods less than 24 hours. A third step includes pulverizing the dried and aggregated mixture obtained from the second step to have individual particle sizes in the range of approximately 2-5 millimeters (mm).

(24) A fourth example embodiment of a method of manufacturing an activated carbon filtration media 901-alpha (or 901-α) from rice husks is shown generally in the flow chart of FIG. 4. First, provide the activated rice husk according to the process shown in FIG. 1. In one exemplary example 5 grams of activated rice husk is mixed with 80/20 v/v mix of ethanol/butanol to activate the rice husks. Next 20 percent by weight of a salt such as CaOH is added to the mixture to attach to the surface of the rice husk and the mixture soaks for about two hours at room temperature. The calcium is the cation in the exchange resin. Next a weak acid such as 4 grams of Chloroacetic acid (ClCH2CO2H) is added to the mixture to affix the calcium to the rice husk. The mixture is washed with a strong acid, such as 1N Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to firmly attach the compounds to the surface of the rice husk and then dried at about 160° C. (150-170° C.) for several hours to form the activated carbon filtration media 901-alpha.

(25) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3A Activated Carbon Filtration Media 901-alpha Physical Properties Range Unit Bulk Density 0.4-0.5 g/cm.sup.3 Solid Density 1.1-1.6 g/cm.sup.3 Size 0.1-2   mm Surface Charge Density 0.01 Columbus/cm.sup.2 Porosity  0.4-0.55 Specific Surface Area 400-500 m.sup.2/g pH (operation)  4-10 Silt Density Index 50    μm

(26) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3B The ion exchange capacity of 901-alpha Cu = 13 mg/g of 901-alpha Zn = 5.4 mg/g of 901-alpha Ni = 16.3 mg/g of 901-alpha Pb = 8.6 mg/g of 901-alpha Cr = 55.8 mg/g of 901-alpha

(27) It is noted that the entire processing of the embodiments of the activated rice husk filtration media 901X, 901Y, 901Z and 901-alpha consumes far less energy and requires a significantly lower investment in system maintenance than is required for either conventional GAC, IER, and/or chemical treatments described above. Furthermore, the spent, contaminated rice husk filtration media, whether 901X, 901Y, 901Z and 901-alpha, occupies far less volume in a landfill compared to either conventional GAC and reverse osmosis filtration media, due to the inherent ability of the activated rice husks to be compacted greatly during disposal, with compaction ratios generally in the range of about 3:1 to about 5:1, compared to GAC, which is very hard and incapable of being significantly compacted. In some embodiments, the compaction ratios have been seen to be as high as about 10:1. This ability to compact the spent filtration media 901X, 901Y, 901Z and 901-alpha results in less landfill space being occupied and makes the spent filtration media 901X, 901Y, 901Z and 901-alpha easier and cheaper to transport for disposal. Furthermore, before compaction, some metals can be recovered and reused by conventionally known extraction and leaching processes.

(28) Referring now to FIG. 5, a single filtration device using the activated rice husk filtration media 901X, 901Y, 901Z and 901-alpha generated from the respective methods described hereinabove is shown. As can be seen in FIG. 5, the activated rice husks 901X, 901Y, 901Z and 901-alpha are packaged in a housing, filling at least a majority of the internal volume thereof. In some embodiments the activated rice husks are packaged so as to achieve a filtration media density of between approximately 0.7 to approximately 2.0 pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft.sup.3). It should be noted that this compares quite favorably to the densities required for a filtration device using GAC, which must be packaged at a density of 125 to 130 lb/ft.sup.3. As such, the single filtration device of FIG. 5 has a much lower mass and is much more easily assembled and installed in comparison to a filtration device using GAC, as is conventionally known. The housing may be made of any suitable material capable of withstanding the normal working pressures contained within, such as any suitable plastics or metals. The housing further has fittings for inlet and outlet tubing, preferably on the ends of the housing, to allow an inflow of wastewater and an outflow of treated water. The fittings at the inlet and outlet of FIG. 5 are shown only schematically, but can be of any suitable type, including, for example, threaded, barbed, quick connect, slip-type, or adhesive joints to accommodate all types of tubing or piping appropriate for the type of contamination being treated.

(29) The filtration devices which are filled with the activated rice husk filtration media require no excess pumping energy to force the wastewater through the media beyond that which is necessary to pump the wastewater to the filtration devices. In other words, the filtration media 901X, 901Y, 901Z and 901-alpha are effective at nominal pressures and do not require high operating pressures in order to be effective. This allows for less rugged and robust filter housings to be used, as there is minimal internal pressure that the housing must be designed to withstand. In other aspects, the wastewater can be pumped through the filtration media 901X, 901Y, 901Z and 901-alpha at higher pressures to speed the filtration process.

(30) While each of the activated rice husk filtration media 901X, 901Y, 901Z and 901-alpha are effective at filtering out contaminants in the form of, for example, heavy metals, oils, greases, VOCs, SVOCs, pesticides, and herbicides each filtration media is best suited to remove one or more of these contaminants over others of the classes of contaminants. As such, the filtration media 901X is best suited for filtration of oil, and dissolved metals; the filtration media 901Y is best suited to filter out suspended solids, metals, as well as neutralization, oil, and particulate metals. The filtration media 901Z is best suited to filter out and recuperate metals. 901-alpha is a type of ion exchange resin that is suitable for capturing metals in a short period of time. The media is easy to regenerate and reuse. For environmental and sustainability aspects, this media will reduce sludge cake production after treatment. As can be seen above, there is some degree of overlap in the classes of contaminants that each of the various filtration media 901X, 901Y, 901Z and 901-alpha are best suited to remove.

(31) Referring now to FIG. 6, an example embodiment of a filtration system is shown schematically. This filtration system has a plurality of filtration devices, as were described and illustrated relative to FIG. 5. These filtration devices are interconnected by a plurality of pipes, or any suitable analogue therefor, with a plurality of valves and water testers arranged within the filtration system. In some respects, the water testers are atomic absorption spectrometers, but other types of water testers will be readily understood by those having ordinary skill in the art.

(32) As is illustrated by the arrows in FIG. 6, water flows into the system and, depending on the type of contaminant being treated, either the valve leading to the inlet of the filter 902X having filtration media 901X or the valve leading to the inlet of the filter 902Y having filtration media 901Y is opened to allow a flow into the desired filter device 902X or 902Y as a first stage filter. The operation of all valves can be controlled and actuated manually or via a computer and a suitable actuator (e.g., electromagnetic, pneumatic, etc.); additionally, the valves may be controlled manually (e.g., by a person pressing a button) but opened by a suitable actuator, as noted above. In some embodiments, the valve between filter 902X and filter 902Y may be opened, so that wastewater will flow into filter 902X and then into filter 902Y, or the opposite thereof. In other embodiments, where dual stage filtration using both types of filtration media 901X and 901Y is not needed, the treated water will exit the respective filters 902X or 902Y and will enter into a water tester, which will compare the level of contaminants remaining in the wastewater after this first stage of treatment against a specified allowable level of contaminants. Depending on the results, the water tester will either discharge this “clean” water or, if the water needs further filtration, will route the treated water to the filter 902Z/902-alpha with filtration media 901Z. After passing through filter 902Z/902-alpha, the discharged water is tested again by a second water tester against a specified threshold for the contaminant concentration in the water. If the contamination level of the water exiting filter 902Z/902-alpha is below the specified threshold concentration level, the water is discharged, but if not then the water is routed back to the inlet of the filtration system.

(33) In the example embodiment of a filtration system illustrated in FIG. 7, contaminated wastewater with high concentration levels of oil and dissolved heavy metals enter the filtration system and are routed to the inlet of filter 902X. After passing through filter 902X, the water is tested by a water tester. If the water contamination level is below a specified threshold concentration level, this “clean” water is discharged. If the concentration level of contaminants remains above the threshold, then the water is routed to the inlet of filter 902Z/902-alpha for a second stage of filtration. After the second stage filtration in filter 902Z/902-alpha, the water is tested again in a second level water tester. As was described above, if the water contamination level is below a specified threshold concentration level, this “clean” water is discharged. If the concentration level of contaminants remains above the threshold, then the water is routed back to the inlet of the filtration system. In the illustration of FIG. 7, broken lines are used to illustrate flow paths that are inactive, with no fluid flowing therethrough as a result of the configuration of the valves in the example filtration system being illustrated.

(34) In the example embodiment of a filtration system illustrated in FIG. 8, contaminated wastewater having high concentration levels of suspended solids, particulate metals, or color is routed by the inlet valve to the inlet of filter 902Y for a first stage of filtration. After exiting the first stage of filtration in filter 902Y, the treated water is tested in a water tester at the outlet of filter 902Y. If the water contamination level is below a specified threshold concentration level, this “clean” water is discharged. If the concentration level of contaminants remains above the threshold, then the water is routed to the inlet of filter 902Z/902-alpha for a second stage of filtration. After the second stage filtration in filter 902Z/902-alpha, the water is tested again in a second water tester. As was described above, if the water contamination level is below a specified threshold concentration level, this “clean” water is discharged. If the concentration level of contaminants remains above the threshold, then the water is routed back to the inlet of the filtration system. In the illustration of FIG. 8, broken lines are used to illustrate flow paths that are inactive, with no fluid flowing therethrough as a result of the configuration of the valves in the example filtration system being illustrated. This system can be further modified by adding filter 901-alpha. With this replacement filtration media the system can be used for metal removal.

(35) In the embodiment of a filtration system illustrated in FIG. 9, contaminated wastewater flows through the inlet valve to the inlet of filter 902Y for a first stage of filtration. After exiting the first stage of filtration in filter 902Y, the treated water is tested in a water tester at the outlet of filter 902Y. If the water is below a specified threshold concentration level, this “clean” water is discharged. In this embodiment, the water tester at the outlet of filter 902Y has an internal valve. If the concentration level of contaminants remains above the threshold, then the water is routed, via the internal valve of the water tester at the outlet of 902Y, to the inlet of filter 902X for a second stage of filtration rather than to the inlet of filter 902Z/902-alpha. After the second stage filtration in filter 902X, the water is tested again in a second water tester. If the water contamination level is below a specified threshold concentration level, this “clean” water is discharged. If the concentration level of contaminants remains above the threshold, then the water is routed to the inlet of filter 902Z/902-alpha for a third stage of filtration. After the third stage filtration in filter 902Z/902-alpha, the water is tested again in a second water tester. As was described above, if the water contamination level is below a specified threshold concentration level, this “clean” water is discharged. If the concentration level of contaminants remains above the threshold, then the water is routed back to the inlet of the filtration system. In the illustration of FIG. 8, broken lines are used to illustrate flow paths that are inactive, with no fluid flowing therethrough as a result of the configuration of the valves in the example filtration system being illustrated. FIG. 9 shows an example filter 902X with multiple inlets, as is employed in the example embodiment of the filtration system shown and described in FIG. 10. Just as in FIG. 5, the filter 902X has a housing with an inlet and outlet on opposite sides thereof, with a filtration media 901X being inserted inside of the housing for filtering contaminants out of a wastewater stream entering the housing through the inlet. However, as seen in FIG. 10, the inlet for filter 902X is bifurcated, with one branch being in fluid communication with the outlet of filter 902Y and the other branch being connected to the inlet of the filtration system. The connection scheme illustrated in FIG. 10 can be applied equally to modify any of filters 902Y and/or 902Z, as desired based on contaminants being removed from the wastewater. Additionally, the outlets can be bifurcated in a similar manner, whether to bypass the respective water testers or for some other purpose which would be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art.

(36) The first field study was conducted to review the performance of 901X media. The study was conducted at a plant making transmissions and associated parts for trucks. The water being treated in this study is the wastewater generated by the plant's zinc-phosphate electrocoat (E-coat) paint line. The water generated by this process is contaminated with latex paint solids, metal fines and other particulate debris. The water also contains dissolved metals that cannot be discharged into the environment without further treatment. The metals in question are Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn) and Nickel (Ni). The water to be treated fluctuates but is always above the limits required for safe discharge. The sample chosen is representative of the most problematic conditions the plant faces. Both the feed quality and filtered quality are listed in the study summation.

(37) The current treatment design is a four-step process which involves chemical precipitation, followed in order by a back-washable 40 cubic foot sand filter, a back-washable 40 cubic foot Micro-Z filter, and duplex 50 cubic foot Activated Carbon filters that were utilizing bone-char as an enhancement to metal removal. System flow was an average of 125 gallons per minute during operation 8 to 12 hours per day. The filtration rate of this study duplicated exactly the filtration loading rate of the current operation conditions, which is approximately 1.33 gallons per minute per square foot. Therefore, operating at this flow rate using 901X filter media has apples-to-apples comparison to the current three step filtration process.

(38) The results after one pass through 901X media are as follows:

(39) TABLE-US-00005 CONTAMINANT UNTREATED AFTER 901X % REMOVAL TSS (Particulates) 241 mg/l 11 mg/l 95.4% Manganese (Mn) 10.1 1.1 mg/l 89.1% Zinc (Zn) 0.52 mg/l 0.05 mg/l 90.3% Nickel (Ni) 1.172 mg/l o.o14 mg/l 98.8% pH 8.71 6.25 Not Applicable

(40) 901X demonstrated in a single pass, superior contaminant removing capability to a four-step process involving chemical precipitation, filtration sand, Micro-Z (Watts San Antonio, Tex.) media, and Bone Char Granulated Activated Carbon. In addition to superior metals removal, 901X also delivered sediment and particulate removal in that same, single step. It must be noted that further treatment with a combination of 901Y, Z and/or alpha would deliver even greater removal of contaminants with strong indication of being able to reuse this now discarded wastewater. Raw water contaminant levels assessment in comparisons with existing water system to 901X. The data tables show contaminant levels after the existing four—step treatment system and one pass with 901X filter media.

(41) TABLE-US-00006 Existing Technology pH 7.45 TSS 22 TSS mg/l Mn 1.43 mg/l Zn 0.13 mg/l Ni 0.048 mg/l

(42) TABLE-US-00007 901X Technology Test pH 6.26 TSS 11 TSS mg/l Mn 1.1 mg/l Zn 0.05 mg/l Ni 0.014 mg/l

(43) The second study was the wastewater from recycling and reconditioning polymer using plastic recycler. The water being treated in this example is the wastewater having by unacceptable lead contamination. Local discharge requirements are 0.25 mg/l. In addition to the wastewater lead the high amounts of suspended solids causes the water to be almost opaque and black in color. Because of these contaminant problems this water is not suitable for discharge to drain, nor is it economical for reuse. The current treatment design is a five-step process which involves first raising the pH with caustic soda, then adding an aluminum-based coagulant to precipitate dissolved metals (mostly lead). The treated water is then run into a carbon/silica-based gravity filter and then passed through at disposable 1-micron filter. The final step in the process is to send the water to a filter press to make-waste “cake” and squeeze the remaining water out and pass it to the drain.

(44) This study used 901X/901Y combination. The results after one pass through 901X/901Y media are:

(45) TABLE-US-00008 TREATMENT CONTAM- UNTREATED CURRENT WITH INANT WASTE TREATMENT 901X/901Y Lead 78.1 mg/l >2.0 mg/l (97.4%) 0.737 mg/l (99%) Color Black-Opaque Black - Opaque Clear, light hue Weight of N/A >55 lb./cubic ft. <4 lb./cubic ft. “Cake”

(46) Testing of 901X presents the ability to eliminate costly, toxic chemicals and to provide delivering a water-clear end-product. 901X with 901Y makes possible both the recycling and discharge to sewer, wastewater that currently struggles to meet discharge regulations. Additionally, with a base weight of only 1.2 pounds per cubic ft. 901X dramatically reduces the weight and volume of material that is sent to landfill.

(47) The third study was a company that generated metal-bearing wastewater, as a result of placing corrosion resistant coatings and the finishing on a variety of spring products. The finishes range from powder coating to anodizing to chrome. Metals in the rinse-waters are too high in heavy metals to be sent to the city sewer system. The metals that require reduction/removal are Zinc, Copper, Nickel, and Chromium.

(48) The current treatment design is a multiple-step process which involves first raising the pH with caustic soda, then adding an aluminum-based coagulant to precipitate dissolved metals (mostly lead). The treated water is then run into a carbon/silica-based gravity filter and then passed through a disposable 1-micron filter. At times, portable exchange tanks with deionization resin are used to meet discharge limits. The final step in the process is to send the water to a filter press to make-waste “cake” and squeeze the remaining water out and pass it to the drain. The results after one pass through 901X media (%=removal efficiency) are:

(49) TABLE-US-00009 CONTAM- UNTREATED CURRENT TREATMENT INANT WASTE TREATMENT WITH 901X Chrome 6.11 mg/l *8.16 mg/l 0.120 mg/l (−33.5%) (98%) Copper 0.298 mg/l 0.080 mg/l 0.017 mg/l (73.1%) (94.3%) Nickel 0.057 mg/l *0.71 mg/l <0.005 mg/l (−88.6%) (99%) Zinc 122 mg/l 146 mg/l 0.100 g/l (−19.6%) (99%)

(50) Testing of a single-pass through 901X produced superior results in metals removal. Replacement of current technology with 901 media design eliminates multiple stages of chemical addition, settling, filter press stages, and final-stage polishing deionization.

(51) A fourth study was conducted to demonstrate the ion exchange functionality of 901X media. After the initial test, to demonstrate the reversible-regenerable property of the 901 X media, the media in the columns were rinsed with DI water, reversed (regenerated) with 10% Hydrochloric acid, again rinsed with deionized water, and finally reversed (regenerated) with the original recipe of 5% Sodium Bicarbonate.

(52) Testing was conducted on both Hexavalent Chromium and Copper. Stock solutions (known concentrations) of Hexavalent Chromium at 100 ppm, and divalent copper at 2.5 mg/l were passed through fresh 125 ml columns of fresh 901X media that was regenerated/charged with sodium ions by passing 20 bed volumes of 5% Sodium Bicarbonate over the media. The columns were packed at the bottom with a glass wool fabric to prevent the media from escaping into the test solution. The bottom of the columns had a TEFLON (Chemours, Wilmington Del.) stopper to control the on/off flow through the columns. Once charged with sodium ions, the media was thoroughly rinsed with high-purity deionized water in excess of 10 megohm-cm-cm, until there was a non-detectable amount of sodium coming off the columns. Instrumentation and Measurement: To detect the presence/absence of metals Hach colorimetric test kits were used. Sodium does not yield a colorimetric result and must be measured by a more elaborate instrument such as Atomic Absorption/Photometry or specific ion electrode analysis. The methods of measurement are as follows: Hach Model CH 14 Chromium Test Kit—Chromium Measurement; Hach Model CU-6 Test Kit—Copper Measurement; Horiba Model LAQUATwin Na-11 Portable Ion-Electrode Pen—Sodium detections. The results are shown in the table below.

(53) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE A CHROMIUM TEST - FIRST PASS - INITIAL SODIUM CHARGE Chromium Before Chromium After Sodium Before Sodium After Filtration Filtration Filtration Filtration 75 mg/l ND 0 mg/l (ND) 105 mg/l

(54) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE B CHROMIUM TEST - SECOND PASS - SECOND SODIUM CHARGE Chromium Before Chromium After Sodium Before Sodium After Filtration Filtration Filtration Filtration 75 mg/l ND 0 mg/l (ND) 92 mg/l

(55) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE C COPPER TEST - SECOND PASS - SECOND SODIUM CHARGE Copper Before Copper After Sodium Before Sodium After Filtration Filtration Filtration Filtration 2.5 mg/l ND 0 mg/l (ND) 3.2 mg/l

(56) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE D COPPER TEST - SECOND PASS - SECOND SODIUM CHARGE Chromium Before Sodium After Chromium Before Sodium After Filtration Filtration Filtration Filtration 2.5 mg/l ND 0 mg/l (ND) 4.7 mg/l
These test results confirm both the reversible (regenerable) nature of 901X media and its ion exchange properties. The absence of the contaminant metal in the post-filtration stage couple with a new presence of sodium in the filtrate demonstrates the media exchanging sodium for both chromium and copper during the filtration process. Furthermore, the subsequent metal removal tests on the second pass through the same media sample indicates a simple, quick reversibility (regenerability) property of the 901X media.

(57) A fifth study was conducted to demonstrate the ion exchange functionality of 901 alpha media. The Industry Standard method of expressing ion exchange capacity is the grains per cubic foot convention. As an example, common water softening resin is routinely advertised as offering 30,000 grains removal capacity per cubic foot. See Water Conditioning and Purification Magazine, C. F. Michaud, MWS, Mar. 20, 2017—Defining and Measuring Capacity (herby incorporated by reference in its entirety.) By industry standards set by the Water Quality Association, and others, one grain of contaminant is defined as 17.1 mg/l (or parts per million) of contaminant. Id. Michaud. The accepted formula for determining ion exchange capacity of a media is:
Capacity=(Feed Water Concentration)×(gallons of throughput until exhaustion) In our equations we used this nomenclature. Id. Michaud. C=Capacity in grains of 901-Alpha (This is our unknown) N=Concentration of feed solution (Chromium and Copper samples) V=Volume of filtrate obtained before contaminant passed through the 901-Alpha sample Chromium Concentration N=4.38 Grains (75 mg/l÷17.1 mg/l−per grain capacity) Copper Concentration N′=0.146 Grains (2.5 mg/l÷17.1 mg/l−per grain capacity) The 10-gram sample size of 901-Alpha=0.001 cubic ft of media (Based on general density of 22 pounds per cubic foot density)
To determine the cubic foot representation of the 901-Apha sample used for testing the following data was applied. D=Density (D) of 901-Alpha=22 pounds per cubic foot) S=Sample Volume in Pounds=0.22 pounds (10 grams sample=0.22 pounds) R=Sample Size,Translated into cubic ft.=0.001 cubic ft
Determining the cubic foot sample size was achieved through the equation:
S=D=R Specifically 0.022 pounds of media÷22 pounds/cubic ft=0.001 cubic ft
The equation to determine capacity is C=N×V However, in our testing we used only a 0.001 cubic foot sample of 901-Alpha. To convert this capacity per 0.001 cubic foot to the universal capacity expressed in grains per cubic the result was multiplied by a factor of 1,000. The equations for translating the capacity test into the conventional grains/cubic foot is: C=N×V×1,000. Id. Michaud. To determine the capacity of 901-Alpha required continuing to feed the contaminant solutions (N) into the testing column until they could be found in the outflow (filtrate) of the testing column. At that point, the maximum capacity of the 901-Alpha was consumed. By measuring and recording how much volume (V) the column passed before it exhausted, the second variable could be identified allowing the solving of the unknown variable capacity (C). Instrumentation and Measurement: To detect the presence/absence of metals Hach colorimetric test kits were used. Sodium does not yield a colorimetric result and must be measured by a more elaborate instrument such as Atomic Absorption/Photometry or specific ion electrode analysis. The methods of measurement are as follows.
Hach Model CH 14 Chromium Test Kit—Chromium Measurement
Hach Model CU-6 Test Kit—Copper Measurement
Horiba Model LAQUATwin Na-11 Portable Ion-Electrode Pen—Sodium detection. Palintest Photometer 7500).
Tables of Results

(58) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE A CAPACITY TEST #1 - INITIAL PASS - INITIAL CHROMIUM FEED Chromium Volume of Throughput Concentration of to Achieve Feed Solution Media Exhaustion Media Capacity (N) (V) C = N × V × 1000 4.38 grains/gallon 0.867 gal or 3255 ml 3,797 grains per cubic ft.
Calculation: (4.38 grains/gallon)×(0.867 gallons)×(1000)=3,800 grains per cubic ft capacity

(59) TABLE-US-00015 TABLE B CAPACITY TEST #2 - SECOND PASS - REGENERATED 901-ALPHA Chromium Volume of Throughput Concentration of to Achieve Feed Solution Media Exhaustion Media Capacity (N) (V) C = N × V × 1000 4.38 grains/gallon 0.921 gal or 3,486 ml 4,033 grains per cubic ft.
Calculation: (4.38 grains/gallon)×(0.921 gallons)×(1000)=4,033 grains per cubic ft capacity

(60) TABLE-US-00016 TABLE C CAPACITY TEST #1 - INITIAL PASS - INITIAL COPPER FEED Copper Volume of Throughput Concentration of to Achieve Feed Solution Media Exhaustion Media Capacity (N) (V) C = N × V × 1000 0.146 grains per gallon 28.81 gal or 10.902 ml 4,206 grains per cubic ft
Calculation: (0.146 grains/gallon)×(28.81 gallons)×(1000)=4,206 grains per cubic ft capacity

(61) TABLE-US-00017 TABLE D CAPACITY TEST #2 - SECOND PASS - REGENERATED 901 ALPHA Copper Volume of Throughput Concentration of to Achieve Feed Solution Media Exhaustion Media Capacity (N) (V) C = N × V × 1000 0.146 grains per gallon 29.55 gal or 11.859 ml 4,314 grains per cubic ft
Calculation: (0.146 grains/gallon)×(29.55 gallons)×(1000)=4,314 grains per cubic ft capacity. Conclusions: The test results found in tables A, B, C, and D consistently delivered an expected ion-exchange capacity of about 4,000 grains per cubic foot of 901-Alpha. The term about means plus or minus ten percent.

(62) A sixth study evaluated efficiency based on time to remove a containment such as a heavy metal. This study showed a method to increase the removal efficiency of a containment from an aqueous solution by passing the aqueous solution through an activated carbon filtration media made of a plurality of non-particulate rice husk fibers, such as 901-alpha along with a solution of tartaric acid (1.2 molarity) and/or soda bicarbonate (5%) can achieve 99% removal, wherein the contact time between the aqueous solution through an activated carbon filtration media is no more than 2 minutes. This short contact time is much faster than the conversional activated carbon adsorption and normal ion exchange time at a couple of hours. See Sani Abdulrazak, Evaluation of removal Efficiency of Heavy Metal by low-cost activated Carob Prepared from African Palm Fruit, Applied Water Science V. 7, issue 6 (October 2017).

(63) The above study embodiments are intended to be illustrative in nature, and nothing described hereinabove is to be construed as a limitation regarding other configurations and embodiments which are otherwise within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein. Other such embodiments of the current invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of this specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. Thus, the foregoing specification is considered merely exemplary of the current invention, with the true scope thereof being defined by the following claims.