ORIENTED BIODEGRADABLE POLYURETHANES

Abstract

Provided are oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane films. The films may be prepared by extruding and drawing biodegradable polyurethane films. The polyurethanes may be prepared from biodegradable polyols and/or biodegradable chain extenders. The films possess high tensile strength yet are degradable under biological conditions. The films may be utilized in the fabrication of devices, particularly implantable medical devices.

Claims

1-41. (canceled)

42. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film, said film being the extruded and drawn product of a biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane.

43. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein the film is biaxially oriented.

44. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein the polyurethane is derived from one or more polyols, one or more isocyanates and one or more chain extenders.

45. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein the polyurethane is derived from one or more aliphatic polyester polyols.

46. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 45, wherein the polyester polyol is derived from one or more diol initiators and one or more hydroxy acids, diacids or cyclic esters and combinations thereof.

47. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 45, wherein one or more of the following applies: the polyols have a molecular weight between about 200 and about 2,000 Daltons, or between about 200 and about 1,500 Daltons, or between about 200 and about 1,300 Daltons; the polyols have a molecular weight of less than or equal to about 10,000 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 8,000 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 6,000 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 4,000 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 2,000 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 1,500 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 1,000 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 800 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 600 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 500 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 400 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 350 Daltons, or less than or equal to about 300 Daltons; or the polyols have a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons or less than 400 Daltons or less than 350 Daltons, or less than 300 Daltons.

48. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein the polyurethane is derived from one or more biodegradable chain extenders; preferably wherein the one or more chain extenders are represented by formula (1) or formula (2) ##STR00002## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are independently selected from optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 alkylene and optionally substituted C.sub.2-20 alkenylene; more preferably wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 of formulae (1) and (2) are independently selected from optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkylene and optionally substituted C.sub.2-6 alkenylene; still more preferably wherein the chain extender of formula (1) or formula (2) is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy-acetic acid 3-hydroxy-propyl ester, 6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 4-hydroxybutyl ester, ethylene glycol succinic acid diester diol and ethylene glycol fumaric acid diester diol, and mixtures thereof.

49. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 46, wherein one or more of the following applies: the one or more diol initiators are selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentanediol, hexamethylenediol, heptanediol, octanediol, nonanediol, decanediol, dodecanediol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD), 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane-1,3-diol (TMPD), 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and combinations thereof; the diacids are selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tridecanedioic acid, and hexadecanedioic acid and combinations thereof; the hydroxy acids are selected from the group consisting of 1-lactic acid, d-lactic acid, d,l-lactic acid, mandelic acid, phenyl-lactic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, hydroxyvaleric acid or glycolic acid and combinations thereof; or the cyclic esters are selected from the group consisting of ε-caprolactone, glycolide, lactide, mandelide, and ρ-dioxanone and combinations thereof.

50. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 44, wherein the isocyanate is an aliphatic diisocyanate selected from the group consisting of 4,4′-methylene dicylcohexyl diisocyanate (HMDI), 1,6-hexane diisocyanate (HDI), 1,4-butane diisocyanate (BDI), L-lysine diisocyanate (LDI), 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylenediisocyanate, ethyl-L-lysine diisocyanate (ELDI), methyl-L-lysine diisocyanate (MLDI), and mixtures thereof.

51. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein the polyurethane further comprises one or more aliphatic polyol chain extenders which are hydrolytically non-degradable under in vivo conditions, preferably wherein one or more of the following applies: the aliphatic polyol chain extenders do not contain ester functionality in their backbones; the one or more aliphatic polyol chain extenders is an alkane diol having up to 30 carbon atoms, for example, ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentanediol, hexamethylenediol, heptanediol, nonanediol, dodecanediol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD), 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane-1,3-diol (TMPD), 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and mixtures thereof.

52. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein one or more of the following applies: the polyurethane has a melting point between 45° C. and 190° C.; the polyurethane has a number average molecular weight (M.sub.w) up to 200,000 Daltons, or up to 150,000 Daltons, or up to 100,000 Daltons, or up to 60,000 Daltons, or up to 40,000 Daltons, or up to 20,000 Daltons; the polyurethane has a number average molecular weight (M.sub.w) between 2,000 and 200,000 Daltons, or between 5,000 and 150,000 Daltons or between 10,000 and 100,000 Daltons or between 20,000 and 100,000 Daltons or between 2,000 and 60,000 Daltons, or between 2,000 and 40,000 Daltons or between 2,000 and 20,000 Daltons; or the polyurethane has a polydispersity (M.sub.w/M.sub.n) between 1.0 and 4.0, or between 1.0 and 3.5, or between 1.5 and 3.0, or between 1.0 and 2.0.

53. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein one or more of the following applies: the polyurethane comprises hard and soft segments and wherein the hard segment content (% HS) of the polyurethane is between 2 to 100 wt. %, or between 5 to 80 wt %, or between 10 to 70 wt %; the polyurethane comprises hard and soft segments and wherein the soft segment content (% SS) of the polyurethane is at least 25%, or at least 40%; or the non-degradable length of the hard segment is between a weight average molecular weight between 100 and 10,000 Daltons, or between 200 and 5,000 Daltons, or between 400 and 2,000 Daltons, or between 200 and 1,000 Daltons or between 200 and 700 Daltons, or between 320 and 700 Daltons.

54. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein one or more of the following applies: the film has an ultimate tensile strength of greater than 60 MPa, or greater than 70 MPa, or greater than 80 MPa, or greater than 90 MPa or greater than 100 MPa; or wherein the film has an ultimate tensile strength of greater than 150 MPa, or greater than 200 MPa, or greater than 250 MPa, or greater than 300 MPa, or greater than 400 MPa.

55. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein the film is dimensionally unstable, or substantially dimensionally unstable, to the application of stress.

56. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein the film is non-elastic.

57. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein the film is annealed.

58. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein the film is dimensionally stable, or substantially dimensionally stable, to the application of stress.

59. An oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42, wherein the film is elastic.

60. A medical device or implant comprising an oriented biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42.

61. A laminate, said laminate comprising at least one layer comprising an orientated biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane film according to claim 42.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0084] FIG. 1 shows the DSC of a comparative polyurethane, not according to the present disclosure.

[0085] FIG. 2 shows the stress strain curve of a comparative polyurethane, not according to the present disclosure.

[0086] FIG. 3 shows the stress strain curve of a polyurethane according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0087] FIG. 4 shows the stress strain curve of a polyurethane according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0088] FIG. 5 shows the stress strain curve of a comparative polyurethane, not according to the present disclosure.

[0089] FIG. 6 shows the stress strain curve of a polyurethane according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0090] FIG. 7 shows the stress strain curve of a polyurethane according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0091] The following is a detailed description of the disclosure provided to aid those skilled in the art in practicing the present disclosure. Those of ordinary skill in the art may make modifications and variations in the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure.

[0092] Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are now described.

[0093] It must also be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ include plural referents unless otherwise specified. Thus, for example, reference to ‘chain extender’ may include more than one chain extenders, and the like.

[0094] Throughout this specification, use of the terms ‘comprises’ or ‘comprising’ or grammatical variations thereon shall be taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof not specifically mentioned.

[0095] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0096] Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within two standard deviations of the mean. ‘About’ can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from context, all numerical values provided herein in the specification and the claim can be modified by the term ‘about’.

[0097] Ranges provided herein are understood to be shorthand for all of the values within the range. For example, a range of 1 to 50 is understood to include any number, combination of numbers, or sub-range from the group consisting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50.

[0098] The primary components and features used in the preparation of one or more embodiments of the polyurethane film as herein disclosed are discussed in detail in the following sections.

Certain Embodiments

[0099] In one embodiment the present disclosure provides an oriented polyurethane film wherein the polyurethane is derived from:

one or more chain extenders selected from hydroxy-acetic acid 3-hydroxy-propyl ester, 6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 4-hydroxybutyl ester, ethylene glycol succinic acid diester diol and ethylene glycol fumaric acid diester diol;
one or more aliphatic polyester polyols; and
one or more aliphatic diisocyanates;
wherein the polyurethane has a melting point between 60° C. and 190° C.; and
wherein the polyurethane degrades, under the conditions of ASTM F1635, such that the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane decreases by between 10% and 90% in a period of one year or less.

[0100] In one embodiment the present disclosure provides an oriented polyurethane film wherein the polyurethane is derived from:

one or more chain extenders selected from hydroxy-acetic acid 3-hydroxy-propyl ester, 6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 4-hydroxybutyl ester, ethylene glycol succinic acid diester diol and ethylene glycol fumaric acid diester diol;
one or more aliphatic polyester polyols; and
one or more aliphatic diisocyanates selected from 4,4′-methylene dicylcohexyl diisocyanate (HMDI), 1,6-hexane diisocyanate (HDI), 1,4-butane diisocyanate (BDI), L-lysine diisocyanate (LDI), 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylenediisocyanate;
wherein the polyurethane has a melting point between 60° C. and 190° C.; and
wherein the polyurethane degrades, under the conditions of ASTM F1635, such that the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane decreases by between 10% and 90% in a period of one year or less.

[0101] In one embodiment the present disclosure provides an oriented polyurethane film wherein the polyurethane is derived from:

one or more chain extenders selected from hydroxy-acetic acid 3-hydroxy-propyl ester, 6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 4-hydroxybutyl ester, ethylene glycol succinic acid diester diol and ethylene glycol fumaric acid diester diol; one or more aliphatic polyester polyols derived from one or more diol initiators and at least one hydroxy acid and/or cyclic ester; and
one or more aliphatic diisocyanates selected from 4,4′-methylene dicylcohexyl diisocyanate (HMDI), 1,6-hexane diisocyanate (HDI), 1,4-butane diisocyanate (BDI), L-lysine diisocyanate (LDI), 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylenediisocyanate;
wherein the polyurethane has a melting point between 60° C. and 190° C.; and wherein the polyurethane degrades, under the conditions of ASTM F1635, such that the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane decreases by between 10% and 90% in a period of one year or less.

[0102] In one embodiment the present disclosure provides an oriented polyurethane film wherein the polyurethane is derived from:

one or more chain extenders selected from hydroxy-acetic acid 3-hydroxy-propyl ester, 6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 4-hydroxybutyl ester, ethylene glycol succinic acid diester diol and ethylene glycol fumaric acid diester diol;
one or more aliphatic polyester polyols derived from one or more diol initiators and at least one hydroxy acid, diacid or cyclic ester, or combinations thereof, wherein the one or more diol initiators is selected from ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentanediol, hexamethylenediol, heptanediol, nonanediol, dodecanediol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD), 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane-1,3-diol (TMPD), 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and combinations thereof and wherein the at least one hydroxy acid is selected from 1-lactic acid, d-lactic acid, d,l-lactic acid, mandelic acid, phenyl-lactic acid, valeric acid or glycolic acid; wherein the one or more diacids is selected from oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tridecanedioic acid, and hexadecanedioic acid and wherein the cyclic ester is selected from ε-caprolactone, glycolide, lactide, mandelide, and ρ-dioxanone; and
one or more aliphatic diisocyanates selected from 4,4′-methylene dicylcohexyl diisocyanate (HMDI), 1,6-hexane diisocyanate (HDI), 1,4-butane diisocyanate (BDI), L-lysine diisocyanate (LDI), 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylenediisocyanate;
wherein the polyurethane has a melting point between 60° C. and 190° C.; and
wherein the polyurethane degrades, under the conditions of ASTM F1635, such that the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane decreases by between 10% and 90% in a period of one year or less.

[0103] Bioactive Substances

[0104] Bioactive substances may optionally be added to the polyurethane. The bioactive substance may be formulated with the polyurethane before or after orientation.

[0105] Bioactive substances may be synthetic molecules, biomolecules, or multimolecular entities and include, but are not limited to, enzymes, organic catalysts, ribozymes, organometallics, proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, polyamino acids, antibodies, nucleic acids, steroidal molecules, antibiotics, silver, silver oxide, antivirals, antimycotics, anticancer agents, analgesic agents, antirejection agents, immunosuppressants, cytokines, carbohydrates, oleophobics, lipids, extracellular matrix and/or its individual components, demineralized bone matrix, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, pharmaceuticals, chemotherapeutics, and therapeutics. Cells and non-cellular biological entities, such as viruses, virus vectors and prions can also be bioactive substances. The bioactive substances may be chemically bonded to the polyurethane.

[0106] The biological effect in humans or animals is for medical, therapeutic, cosmetic and veterinary purposes, and encompasses pharmaceuticals including drugs, cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, and nutritional agents. It will be appreciated that some of bioactive compounds can be classified in more than one of these classes.

[0107] A wide range of bioactive substances may be incorporated into the presently disclosed polyurethanes.

[0108] Examples include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular drugs, in particular antihypertensive agents (e.g. calcium channel blockers or calcium antagonists) and antiarrhythmic agents; congestive heart-failure pharmaceuticals; inotropic agents; vasodilators; ACE inhibitors; diuretics; carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; cardiac glycosides; phosphodiesterase inhibitors; α-blockers; β-blockers; sodium channel blockers; potassium channel blockers; β-adrenergic agonists; platelet inhibitors; angiotensin antagonists; anticoagulants; thrombolytic agents; treatments for bleeding; treatments for anaemia; thrombin inhibitors; antiparasitic agents; antibacterial agents; insulin; human growth hormone and peptides; vaccines; anti-inflammatory agents, in particular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), more particularly COX-2 inhibitors; steroidal anti-inflammatory agents; prophylactic anti-inflammatory agents; anti glaucoma agents; mast cell stabilisers; mydriatics; agents affecting the respiratory system; allergic rhinitis pharmaceuticals; α adrenergic agonists; corticosteroids; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pharmaceuticals; xanthine-oxidase inhibitors; anti-arthritis agents; gout treatments; autacoids and autacoid antagonists; anti mycobacterial agents; antifungal agents; antiprotozoal agents; anthelmintic agents; antiviral agents especially for respiratory, herpes, cyto-megalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis infections; treatments for leukaemia and Kaposi's sarcoma; pain management agents in particular opioids, anaesthetics and analgesics; neuroleptics; sympathomimetic pharmaceuticals; adrenergic agonists; drugs affecting neurotransmitter uptake or release; anticholinergic pharmaceuticals; anti haemorrhoid treatments; agents to prevent or treat radiation or chemotherapeutic effects; lipogenesis drugs; fat reducing treatments; anti-obesity peptides; antiobesity agents such as lipase inhibitors; sympathomimetic agents; treatments for gastric ulcers and inflammation such as proton pump inhibitors; prostaglandins; VEGF inhibitors; antihyperlipidemic agents, in particular statins; drugs that affect the central nervous system (CNS) such as antipsychotic, antiepileptic and antiseizure drugs (anticonvulsants), psychoactive drugs, stimulants, antianxiety and hypnotic drugs, antidepressant drugs; anti Parkinson's pharmaceuticals; hormones and fragments thereof such as sex hormones; growth hormone antagonists; gonadotropin releasing hormones and analogues thereof; steroid hormones and their antagonists; selective estrogen modulators; growth factors; anti diabetic pharmaceuticals such as insulin, insulin fragments, insulin analogues, glucagon like peptides and hypoglycaemic agents; H1, H2, H3 and H4 antihistamines; peptide, protein, polypeptide, nucleic acids and oligonucleotide pharmaceuticals; analogues, fragments and variants of natural proteins, polypeptides, oligonucleotides and nucleic acids and such like compounds; agents used to treat migraine headaches; asthma pharmaceuticals; cholinergic antagonists; glucocorticoids; androgens; antiandrogens; inhibitors of adrenocorticoid biosynthesis; osteoporosis treatments such as biphosphonates; antithyroid pharmaceuticals; cytokine agonists; cytokine antagonists; anticancer drugs; antialzheimer drugs; HMGCoA reductase inhibitors; fibrates; cholesterol absorption inhibitors; HDL cholesterol elevating agents; triglyceride reducing agents; anti-ageing or anti-wrinkle agents; precursor molecules for the generation of hormones; proteins such as collagen and elastin; antibacterial agents; anti acne agents; antioxidants; hair treatments and skin whitening agents; sunscreens, sun protectants and filters; variants of human apolipoprotein; precursor molecules for generation of hormones; proteins and peptides thereof; amino acids; plant extracts such as grape seed extract; DHEA; isoflavones; nutritional agents including vitamins, phytosterols and iridoid gylcosides, sesquiterpene lactones, terpenes, phenolic glycosides, triterpenes, hydroquinone derivatives, phenylalkanones; antioxidants such as retinol and other retinoids including retinoic acid and co enzyme Q10; omega-3-fatty acids; glucosamine; nucleic acids, oligonucleotides, antisense pharmaceuticals; enzymes; cytokines; cytokine analogues; cytokine agonists; cytokine antagonists; immunoglobulins; antibodies; antibody pharmaceuticals; gene therapies; lipoproteins; erythropoietin; vaccines; small and large molecule therapeutic agents for the treatment, or prevention of human and animal diseases such as allergy/asthma, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, growth impairment, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, immunological disorders, baldness, pain, ophthalmological diseases, epilepsy, gynaecological disorders, CNS diseases, viral infections, bacterial infections, parasitic infections, GI diseases, obesity, and haemological diseases.

[0109] It is to be understood that pharmaceutically, nutraceutically or cosmeceutically acceptable derivatives of bioactive substances are included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0110] The term “pharmaceutically, nutraceutically or cosmeceutically acceptable derivatives” includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically, nutraceutically or cosmeceutically acceptable salts, esters, salts of such esters, ethers, or any other derivative including prodrugs and metabolites, which upon administration to a subject (e.g. patient, human or animal) in need is capable of providing, directly or indirectly, a bioactive substance as otherwise described herein.

[0111] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically, nutraceutically or cosmeceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

[0112] Pharmaceutically, nutraceutically or cosmeceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describe pharmaceutically, nutraceutically or cosmeceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66:1-1 9, 1977.

[0113] Examples of pharmaceutically, nutraceutically or cosmeceutically acceptable nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as-acetic-acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.

[0114] Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hernisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2 hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.

[0115] Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.

[0116] The term “pharmaceutically, nutraceutically or cosmeceutically acceptable ester” refers to esters which are hydrolysed in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived from pharmaceutically, nutraceutically or cosmeceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms. Examples of esters include formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and ethylsuccinates.

[0117] The term “pharmaceutically, nutraceutically or cosmeceutically acceptable prodrugs” as used herein includes those prodrugs of the biologically active substances which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a subject with undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the biologically active substances.

[0118] The term “prodrug” refers to compounds that are rapidly transformed in vivo to yield a parent compound, for example by hydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Edward B. Roche, ed., Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.

[0119] Degradation

[0120] In some embodiments the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane may decrease by between 20% and 90% in a period of eleven months or less, or ten months or less, or nine months or less, or eight months or less, or seven months or less, or six months or less, or five months or less, or four months or less, or three months or less, or two months or less, or one month or less.

[0121] In some embodiments the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane may decrease by between 30% and 90% in a period of eleven months or less, or ten months or less, or nine months or less, or eight months or less, or seven months or less, or six months or less, or five months or less, or four months or less, or three months or less, or two months or less, or one month or less.

[0122] In some embodiments the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane may decrease by between 40% and 90% in a period of eleven months or less, or ten months or less, or nine months or less, or eight months or less, or seven months or less, or six months or less, or five months or less, or four months or less, or three months or less, or two months or less, or one month or less.

[0123] In some embodiments the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane may decrease by between 50% and 90% in a period of eleven months or less, or ten months or less, or nine months or less, or eight months or less, or seven months or less, or six months or less, or five months or less, or four months or less, or three months or less, or two months or less, or one month or less.

[0124] In some embodiments the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane may decrease by between 60% and 90% in a period of eleven months or less, or ten months or less, or nine months or less, or eight months or less, or seven months or less, or six months or less, or five months or less, or four months or less, or three months or less, or two months or less, or one month or less.

[0125] In some embodiments the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane may decrease by between 70% and 90% in a period of eleven months or less, or ten months or less, or nine months or less, or eight months or less, or seven months or less, or six months or less, or five months or less, or four months or less, or three months or less, or two months or less, or one month or less.

[0126] In some embodiments the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of the polyurethane may decrease by between 80% and 90% in a period of eleven months or less, or ten months or less, or nine months or less, or eight months or less, or seven months or less, or six months or less, or five months or less, or four months or less, or three months or less, or two months or less, or one month or less.

EXAMPLES

[0127] General

[0128] Molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Polyurethane tensile properties were measured using an Instron mechanical tester (model 5566).

Example 1: Polyol Synthesis

[0129] Polyols were prepared by condensation of L-lactic acid (LLA), ε-caprolactone (CL) and 1,4-butane diol (BDO). All components were weighed into a glass reactor fitted with stirring, nitrogen outgassing, a condenser, and a heat source. The temperature was set to between 130° C. and 210° C. and the stirring and nitrogen flow started. Water was removed from the vessel via the condenser as the reaction proceeded. The reaction was continued until completion as indicated by residual acid measurement at which point the polyol was cooled and stored for use.

[0130] Polyols of weight average molecular weight 400 were prepared as above using weight ratios of LLA:CL of 30:70 along with BDO initiator.

Example 2: BDO-CL Chain Extender Synthesis (6-hydroxy-hexanoic acid 4-hydroxybutyl ester)

[0131] The chain extender was prepared by ring opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone (CL) and 1,4-butane diol (BDO) in a 1:5 molar ratio. The temperature was set to between 130° C. and 210° C. with stirring and nitrogen. The reaction was continued until completion as indicated by gas chromatography (GC) analysis at which point the chain extender was cooled and stored for use.

Example 3: Polyurethane Synthesis (42% Hard Segment)

[0132] Under nitrogen with stirring, 3 kg of the polyol of Example 1 was combined with HDI (1.734 kg). BDO-CL (Example 2; 63.5 g) and organozinc catalyst were added with heating to complete a prepolymer and the isocyanate content assayed. This was then chain extended using BDO (407.6 g) and further zinc catalyst. The stirred mixture was then poured into PTFE-lined trays and cured in an oven for 2 hours at 120° C. The cured polyurethane was then granulated.

Example 4: Polyurethane Synthesis (52% Hard Segment)

[0133] Under nitrogen with stirring, 2.5 kg of the polyol of Example 1 was combined with HDI (1.9865 kg). BDO-CL (Example 2; 63.0 g) and organozinc catalyst were added with heating to complete a prepolymer and the isocyanate content assayed. This was then chain extended using BDO (619.3 g) and further zinc catalyst. The stirred mixture was then poured into PTFE-lined trays and cured in an oven for 2 hours at 120° C. The cured polyurethane was then granulated.

[0134] The polyurethanes of Examples 3 and 4 had respectively the following details: [0135] Polyol 400 Mw [BDO initiator-(LLA:CL, 30:70)], HDI, 42% HS, with 2 chain extenders: BDO and BDO-CL (degradable chain extender). [0136] Polyol 400 Mw [BDO initiator-(LLA:CL, 30:70)], HDI, 52% HS, with 2 chain extenders: BDO and BDO-CL (degradable chain extender).

Example 5: Cast Film (42% HS)

[0137] Dried granulated polyurethane (Example 3) was extruded on a small-scale cast film line equipped with extruder and chill rolls to provide a continuous film of between 235 and 420 μm thickness. Temperature during extrusion was between 160-185° C., with a lower temperature in the feeding zone.

Example 6: Stretching—Machine Direction Orientation (MDO)

[0138] The cast film from Example 5 (300 μm thickness) was run through a continuous stretching machine (MDO) and stretched with heat (from 40° C. to 90° C.). Stretch ratios of up to 1:5.5 were used and the measured residual stretching ratios were between 1:2.3 and 1:4. The stretching was conducted in two manners—using a roll of pre-prepared cast film, and also in series with the immediate output of the cast film line being fed into the continuous stretcher as a continuous process. The film was collected on separate rolls for each condition.

Example 7: Relaxation of the Stretched Cast Film

[0139] The stretched material (of example 6) was annealed (60-70° C.) and the shrinkage due to relaxation measured. All the stretched materials shrank from 15 cm in length (machine direction) to between 9.4 and 10.7 cm in length (a decrease in length of approximately one third). The unstretched material (cast film) did not shrink at all.

Example 8: Properties of Cast Film (Non-Oriented 42% HS Polyurethane Film)

[0140] The 300 μm thick extruded polymer of Example 5 was cut in the machine direction to strips of 10 mm width and 21 cm length, and tensile-tested on the Instron model 5566 with fibre grips, a 50 mm gauge length, 500 mm/min, and no extensometer. The average ultimate tensile stress was 56.2 MPa, and the elongation at break was 1208%. Thermal properties were assessed by DSC (Perkin-Elmer). FIG. 1 shows the DSC of the 42% HS polyurethane (unstretched).

Example 9: Properties of Stretched Cast Film (Oriented 42% HS Polyurethane Film)

[0141] The 300 μm continuous film was stretched at room temperature by hand to provide oriented specimens of 110-140 μm thickness. Strips were tensile-tested on the Instron model 5566 with fibre grips, a 50 mm gauge length, 500 mm/min, and no extensometer. The average ultimate tensile stress was 118.2 MPa, and the elongation at break was 334%.

[0142] The ultimate tensile stress was much higher for the oriented material but the elongation at break was lower (compared with the unoriented material).

Example 10: Melt Pressing Polymer Film

[0143] Granulated polymer of Example 3 (42% HS) was heated above the melting point and pressed on a Carver press at up to 10 tons pressure between glass fibre-reinforced PTFE. The pressed polymer was removed and cooled before removing from the PTFE sheets. The resulting polymer sheets were typically about 20 cm in diameter and between about 100-200 microns in thickness. Film thickness and diameter can be varied by the amount of polymer, the temperature, and the pressure.

Example 11: Biaxially-Oriented Film

[0144] Melt-pressed polymer of Example 10 (42% HS) was stretched simultaneously in two directions (3:1, 65° C.) on a lab stretcher with heat to provide a biaxially-oriented film of 60-80 μm thickness. Strips were cut of 10 mm width, 21 cm length, and tensile-tested on the Instron model 5566 with fibre grips, a 50 mm gauge length, 500 mm/min, and no extensometer. The maximum ultimate tensile stress was 100.0 MPa, and the elongation at break was 391%. A piece of the stretched film was annealed and showed shrinkage from 10 cm×10 cm to 8.2 cm×8.3 cm (100-120 μm).

Example 12: Tensile Properties for an Unoriented Film

[0145] Specimens of 5 mm width were prepared from Example 10 and tested on Instron model 5566 at 500 mm/min and gauge length of 50 mm, using fibre grips without an extensometer. Stress at yield (9.6 MPa), UTS (37.6 MPa), elongation at break (998%).

[0146] FIG. 2 shows a stress-strain curve for an unoriented material. There is a yield point at approximately 50% elongation where the material necks, then it draws until about 200-250% elongation, and then the stress increases. This behaviour suggests a plastic material (cold-drawing), rather than elastic.

Example 13: Example of an Oriented Polymer

[0147] A 5 mm strip of polymer of Example 10 was stretched by hand. It stretched uniformly and remained in the stretched condition after releasing tension. The stretched material was tested on the Instron model 5566 using fibre grips without extensometer at 500 mm/min and gauge length of 50 mm. A yield point was not evident, UTS (125.4 MPa), elongation (219%).

[0148] FIG. 3 shows a stress-strain curve of the stretched material which illustrates greatly increased tensile strength post-stretching, and an elastic stress-strain curve.

Example 14: Effect of Annealing the Stretched Polymer

[0149] A 5 mm strip of the polymer of Example 10 was prepared and marked with a 10 cm interval, then stretched by hand and re-measured the interval to be 35 cm. It stretched uniformly and remained in the stretched condition after releasing tension. The polymer sample was placed in the oven at 70° C. to anneal for 60 seconds and re-measured the interval to be 25 cm (contracted 10 cm). The final annealed material was tested on the Instron model 5566 using fibre grips without extensometer at 500 mm/min and gauge length of 50 mm. Yield point was not evident, UTS (101.5 MPa), elongation (312%).

[0150] FIG. 4 shows an Example of a stress-strain curve for a stretched and annealed material. It can be seen that the material has a higher tensile strength than the unoriented material, and exhibits no yield point indicating elastic behaviour.

Example 15: Permanent Deformation for an Unstretched Material

[0151] A 5 mm strip of polymer of Example 10 was marked with a 19.3 mm interval, then tested on the Instron model 5566 using fibre grips without extensometer at 500 mm/min and gauge length of 50 mm, and a stop condition of 15 MPa tensile stress. The specimen elongated until the stress reached 15 MPa (420% elongation), then the specimen was removed and the interval re-measured. The interval was re-measured to be 48 mm in length (over double the length) and remained in the elongated state.

[0152] FIG. 5 shows an example of a stress strain curve for an unoriented material stopping at 15 MPa stress.

Example 16: Elasticity of an Oriented Material

[0153] A 5 mm strip of polymer of Example 10 was stretched by hand past the yield point until the entire sample had drawn down and was even. A 14.2 mm interval was marked and the specimen tested on the Instron model 5566 using fibre grips without extensometer at 500 mm/min and gauge length of 50 mm, and a stop condition of 15 MPa tensile stress. The specimen elongated until the stress reached 15 MPa (32% elongation), then the specimen was removed and the interval re-measured. The interval was re-measured to be unchanged after testing.

[0154] FIG. 6 shows an Example of a stress-strain curve for a stretched material, stopping at 15 MPa stress.

Example 17: Elasticity of an Oriented and Annealed Material

[0155] A 5 mm strip of polymer of Example 10 was stretched by hand past the yield point until the entire sample had drawn down and was even, then annealed the specimen for one minute at 70° C., then marked a 15.3 mm interval and tested the specimen on the Instron model 5566 using fibre grips without extensometer at 500 mm/min and gauge length of 50 mm, and a stop condition of 15 MPa tensile stress. The specimen elongated until the stress reached 15 MPa (34% elongation), then the specimen was removed and the interval re-measured. The interval was re-measured to be unchanged after testing.

[0156] FIG. 7 shows an Example of a stress-strain curve for a stretched and annealed material, stopping at 15 MPa stress.

Example 18: 52% HS Stretching

[0157] Polymer granulate of Example 4 was extruded (ThermoElectron Prism) at 190° C. into a 3 mm filament and collected. A 10 cm interval was measured and then the filament was stretched at room temperature by hand and the interval re-measured to be 21.8 cm. Initial thickness and final thickness (post-stretching) were 3.07 mm and 1.96 mm respectively.

Example 19: Influence of Annealing

[0158] Two sheets of cast film, prepared as in Example 5, were stretched 2.4 times in each direction and one was annealed for 60 seconds at 65° C. The non-annealed material shrank with heat (˜65° C. in water) by 20% in the length and width (from 10 cm to 8 cm in each direction), however the annealed material only shrank by 5% under the same conditions (from 10.0 cm to 9.5 cm in both directions).

[0159] The contents of all references, and published patents and patent applications cited throughout the application are hereby incorporated by reference. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure may be practiced with variations on the disclosed structures, materials, compositions and methods, and such variations are regarded as within the ambit of the disclosure.

[0160] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments and methods described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the scope of the following claims.

[0161] It is understood that the detailed examples and embodiments described herein are given by way of example for illustrative purposes only, and are in no way considered to be limiting to the disclosure. Various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are included within the spirit and purview of this application and are considered within the scope of the appended claims. For example, the relative quantities of the ingredients may be varied to optimize the desired effects, additional ingredients may be added, and/or similar ingredients may be substituted for one or more of the ingredients described. Additional advantageous features and functionalities associated with the systems, methods, and processes of the present disclosure will be apparent from the appended claims. Moreover, those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the disclosure described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.