Production of metal nanowires directly from metal particles

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for producing metal nanowires having a diameter or thickness from 2 nm to 100 nm, the process comprising: (a) preparing a source metal particulate having a size from 50 nm to 500 μm, selected from a transition metal, Al, Be, Mg, Ca, an alloy thereof, a compound thereof, or a combination thereof; (b) depositing a catalytic metal, in the form of nanoparticles or a coating having a diameter or thickness from 1 nm to 100 nm, onto a surface of the source metal particulate to form a catalyst metal-coated metal material, wherein the catalytic metal is different than the source metal material; and (c) exposing the catalyst metal-coated metal material to a high temperature environment, from 100° C. to 2,500° C., for a period of time sufficient to enable a catalytic metal-assisted growth of multiple metal nanowires from the source metal particulate.

Claims

1. A process for producing metal nanowires having a diameter or thickness from 2 nm to 100 nm, said process comprising: (A) preparing a source metal material in a solid particulate form having a size from 50 nm to 500 μm, wherein said source metal material is selected from a transition metal, Al, Be, Mg, Ca, an alloy thereof, a compound thereof, or a combination thereof; (B) depositing a catalytic metal, in the form of nanoparticles having a size from 1 nm to 100 nm or a coating having a thickness from 1 nm to 100 nm, onto a surface of said source metal particulate to form a catalyst metal-coated metal material, wherein said catalytic metal is different than said source metal material, wherein said catalytic metal is selected from Co, Mn, Fe, Ti, Pb, Bi, Sb, Zn, Cd, Ga, In, Zr, Te, P, Sn, Ge, Si, As, Te, Se, or a combination thereof; and (C) exposing said catalyst metal-coated metal material to a high temperature environment, from 100° C. to 2,500° C., for a period of time sufficient to enable a catalytic metal-assisted growth of multiple metal nanowires from said source metal particulate.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein said solid metal material particulate has a diameter from 100 nm to 10 μm.

3. The process of claim 1, wherein said transition metal is selected from Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Ti, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Zn, Cd, Mo, Nb, Zr, an alloy thereof, or a combination thereof.

4. The process of claim 1, wherein said step of depositing a catalytic metal includes (a) dissolving or dispersing a catalytic metal precursor in a liquid to form a precursor solution, (b) bringing said precursor solution in contact with a surface of said source metal particulate material, (c) removing said liquid; and (d) chemically or thermally converting said catalytic metal precursor to said catalytic metal coating or nanoparticles.

5. The process of claim 4, wherein said step (d) of chemically or thermally converting said catalytic metal precursor is conducted concurrently with the procedure (C) of exposing said catalyst metal-coated mixture mass to a high temperature environment.

6. The process of claim 1, wherein said step of depositing a catalytic metal is conducted by a procedure of physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, plasma deposition, laser ablation, plasma spraying, ultrasonic spraying, printing, electrochemical deposition, electrode plating, electrodeless plating, chemical plating, ball milling, or a combination thereof.

7. The process of claim 1, wherein said procedure of exposing said catalyst metal-coated metal material to a high temperature environment is conducted in a protective atmosphere of an inert gas, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, a mixture thereof, or in a vacuum.

8. The process of claim 1, wherein said source metal material and said catalytic metal form an eutectic point and said procedure of exposing said catalyst metal-coated metal material to a high temperature environment includes exposing said catalyst metal-coated material to an initial temperature Ti equal to or higher than said eutectic point for a desired period of time and then bringing said catalyst metal-coated material to a temperature Tc, wherein Tc is above or below said eutectic point.

9. The process of claim 8, wherein said initial exposure temperature Ti is higher than said eutectic temperature by 0.5 to 500 degrees on the Celsius scale.

10. The process of claim 1, further comprising a procedure of removing said catalytic metal from said metal nanowires.

11. The process of claim 1, further comprising a procedure of mixing metal nanowires with a carbonaceous or graphitic material as a conductive additive and an optional binder material to form an electrode layer, wherein said carbonaceous or graphitic material is selected from a chemical vapor deposition carbon, physical vapor deposition carbon, amorphous carbon, chemical vapor infiltration carbon, polymeric carbon or carbonized resin, pitch-derived carbon, natural graphite, artificial graphite, mesophase carbon, mesophase pitch, mesocarbon microbead, soft carbon, hard carbon, coke, carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon black, or a combination thereof.

12. A process for producing metal nanowires having a diameter or thickness from 2 nm to 100 nm, said process comprising: a) preparing a source metal material in a particulate solid form having a size from 50 nm to 100 μm, wherein said source metal material is selected from a transition metal, Al, Be, Mg, Ca, an alloy thereof, a compound thereof, or a combination thereof; b) depositing a catalyst metal precursor onto a surface of said source metal particulate to form a catalyst metal precursor-coated metal material; and c) exposing said catalyst metal precursor-coated metal material to a high temperature environment, from 100° C. to 2,500° C., for a period of time sufficient to convert said catalyst metal precursor to a catalyst metal in the form of nanoparticles having a size from 1 nm to 100 nm or a coating having a thickness from 1 nm to 100 nm in physical contact with a surface of said source metal particulate, and enable a catalyst metal-assisted growth of multiple metal nanowires from said source metal particulate, wherein said catalyst metal is selected from Co, Mn, Fe, Ti, Pb, Bi, Sb, Zn, Cd, Ga, In, Zr, Te, P, Sn, Ge, Si, As, Te, Se, or a combination thereof.

13. The process of claim 12, wherein said source metal material and said catalyst metal form an eutectic point and said step (c) of exposing said catalyst metal precursor-coated metal material to said high temperature environment includes exposing said catalyst metal precursor-coated metal material to an exposure temperature equal to or higher than said eutectic point for a desired period of time and then bringing said catalyst metal precursor-coated metal material to a temperature below said exposure temperature for a desired period of time or at a desired temperature decreasing rate.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 A flow chart showing a preferred route to preparing metal nanowires from particles of the same metal material, having a diameter from 50 nm to 500 μm.

(2) FIG. 2 Phase diagram of the Ag—Cu system, having a eutectic point: 778.1° C. and 28.1% Cu.

(3) FIG. 3 Phase diagram of the Ti—Ni system, having a Eutectic point: 942° C., 28% Ni.

(4) FIG. 4 SEM image of Si nanowires

(5) FIG. 5(A) SEM image of Cu nanowires.

(6) FIG. 5(B) SEM image of Ag nanowires.

(7) FIG. 5(C) SEM image of Ni nanowires.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(8) The present invention provides a process for initiating and growing metal nanowires from micron or sub-micron scaled source metal particles having an original particle diameter (prior to nanowire growth) from 50 nm to 500 μm (preferably from 100 nm to 20 μm). In other words, the starting metal material (or called source metal material) is micron or sub-micron scaled metal particles, which are thermally and catalytically converted directly into nanoscaled, wire-shaped structures having a diameter or thickness from 2 nm to 100 nm.

(9) Studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that tens of nanowires can be grown or “extruded out” from a starting solid particle. As an example, FIG. 4 shows that tens of Si nanowires have been sprouted or emanated from each Si particle that was originally 2-3 μm in diameter. These Si nanowires have drawn the needed Si atoms from the few starting Si particles. By spitting out a large number of nanowires, the original Si particles, if smaller than 2 μm in diameter, were fully expended. When larger particles having an original diameter>3 μm were used, there were typically some residual Si particles left. SEM images of Cu, Ag, and Ni nanowires are shown in FIG. 5(A), FIG. 5(B), and FIG. 5(C), respectively.

(10) There are several advantages associated with this process. For instance, there is no chemical reaction (such as converting SiH.sub.4 into Si in a CVD process) and the process does not involve any undesirable chemical, such as silane, which is toxic. There is no danger of explosion, unlike the process of converting SiO.sub.2 to Si using magnesium vapor. Other additional advantages will become more transparent later.

(11) As illustrated in FIG. 1, in certain embodiments, the invented process begins by preparing a catalyst metal-coated source metal particle. This is accomplished by carrying out the following procedures: (A) preparing a source metal in a particulate form (e.g. multiple particles of a source metal) having a size from 50 nm to 500 μm, wherein the source metal material contains neat metal element (having at least 99.9% by weight of Cu, for instance) or a Cu alloy or mixture (having from 70% to 99.9% by weight of Cu therein); and (B) depositing a catalytic metal, in the form of nanoparticles having a diameter from 1 nm to 100 nm or a coating having a thickness from 1 nm to 100 nm, onto surfaces of the source metal material to form a catalyst metal-coated source metal material. This is then followed by step (C) of exposing the catalyst metal-coated material to a high temperature environment, from 100° C. to 2,500° C., for a period of time sufficient to enable a catalytic metal-catalyzed growth of multiple metal nanowires from the source metal material particle. These metal nanowires are emanated or extruded out from the source metal particles, which act as the source material for the growing metal nanowires to feed on.

(12) The starting source metal material particles preferably have a diameter from 100 nm to 10 μm, more preferably <3 μm. The starting source metal particles are preferably spherical, cylindrical, or platelet (disc, ribbon, etc.) in shape, but can be of any shape. Source metal particles of various shapes and various particle sizes are commercially available.

(13) It may be noted that this high temperature range depends on the catalytic metal used. Two examples are used herein to illustrate the best mode of practice. Shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 are phase diagrams of the Ag—Cu and Ti—Ni system, respectively. In the first example, Cu is the source metal material and Ag is the catalyst metal for the purpose of growing Cu nanowires. For the purpose of growing Ag nanowires, Ag is the source metal and Cu is the catalyst metal. In the second example, Ti is the source metal material and Ni is the catalyst metal for the purpose of growing Ti nanowires. For the purpose of growing Ni nanowires, Ni is the source metal and Ti is the catalyst metal.

(14) In the Ag−Cu binary system, there exists a eutectic point at a eutectic temperature Te=778.1° C. and eutectic composition Ce=28.1% Cu (atomic percentage of Cu). A mass of Ag-coated Cu particles may be slowly heated to above Te (e.g. a high temperature from 778° C. to 930° C., which are lower than both the melting temperature of the source metal, 1084.9° C., and the melting temperature of the catalyst metal, 950° C.). The heating rate can be from 1 to 100 degrees/min (centigrade scale). One can allow the Ag-coated Cu particles to stay at this high temperature (say 850° C.) for 1 minute to 3 hours and then cool the material down to 790° C. (slightly above Te) and/or even 770° C. (slightly below Te) for 1-180 minutes. This will lead to the formation of Cu nanowires from the Ag-coated Cu particles. Alternatively, one may choose to cool the material slowly down from 850° C. (after staying at this temperature for a desired period of time) to room temperature.

(15) In the Ti—Ni binary system, there exists a eutectic point at a eutectic temperature Te=942° C. and eutectic composition Ce=28% Ni (atomic percentage of Ni). A mass of Ni-coated Ti particles may be slowly heated to above Te (e.g. a high temperature from 950° C. to 1,450° C., which are lower than both the melting temperature of the source metal, 1,670° C., and the melting temperature of the catalyst metal, 1,455° C.). The heating rate can be from 1 to 100 degrees/min (centigrade scale). One can allow the Ni-coated Ti particles to stay at this high temperature (say 1,100° C.) for 1 minute to 3 hours and then cool the material down to 950° C. (slightly above Te) and/or even 935° C. (slightly below Te) for 1180 minutes. This will lead to the formation of Ti nanowires from the Ni-coated Ti particles. Alternatively, one may choose to cool the materials slowly down from 1,100° C. (after staying at this temperature for a desired period of time) to room temperature.

(16) In some embodiments, the step of depositing a catalytic metal includes: (a) dissolving or dispersing a catalytic metal precursor in a liquid to form a precursor solution; e.g. dissolving nickel nitrate, Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2, in water; (b) bringing the precursor solution in contact with surfaces of source metal particles; e.g. immersing the particles into the Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2-water solution; (c) removing the liquid component; e.g. vaporizing water of the Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2-water solution, allowing Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 to coat onto the surfaces of the source metal particles; and (d) chemically or thermally converting the catalytic metal precursor (e.g. Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2) to the catalytic metal coating or metal nanoparticles; e.g. by heating the Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2-coated mass at 450-650° C. in a reducing environment (e.g. in a flowing gas mixture of hydrogen and argon).

(17) In one embodiment, the step (d) of chemically or thermally converting the catalytic metal precursor is conducted concurrently with the step of exposing the catalyst metal-coated source metal particles to a high temperature environment.

(18) In certain embodiments, the catalytic metal precursor is a salt or organo-metal molecule of a metal selected from Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Ti, Al, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Pb, Bi, Sb, Zn, Cd, Ga, In, Zr, Te, P, Sn, Ge, Si, As, Te, Se, or a combination thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the catalytic metal precursor is selected from a nitrate, acetate, sulfate, phosphate, hydroxide, or carboxylate of a metal selected from Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Ti, Al, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Pb, Bi, Sb, Zn, Cd, Ga, In, Zr, Te, P, Sn, Ge, Si, As, Te, Se, or a combination thereof.

(19) In some embodiments, the catalytic metal precursor is selected from a nitrate, acetate, sulfate, phosphate, hydroxide, or carboxylate of a transition metal. In certain embodiments, for instance, the catalytic metal precursor is selected from copper nitrate, nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, manganese nitrate, iron nitrate, titanium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, copper acetate, nickel acetate, cobalt acetate, manganese acetate, iron acetate, titanium acetate, aluminum acetate, copper sulfate, nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, manganese sulfate, iron sulfate, titanium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, copper phosphate, nickel phosphate, cobalt phosphate, manganese phosphate, iron phosphate, titanium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, copper carboxylate, nickel carboxylate, cobalt carboxylate, manganese carboxylate, iron carboxylate, titanium carboxylate, aluminum carboxylate, or a combination thereof. Different types of precursor require different temperatures and/or chemical reactants for conversion to the catalytic metal phase. Different catalytic metals enable metal nanowire growth at different temperatures.

(20) The step of depositing a catalytic metal may also be conducted by a procedure of physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sputtering, plasma deposition, laser ablation, plasma spraying, ultrasonic spraying, printing, electrochemical deposition, electrode plating, electrodeless plating, chemical plating, ball milling, or a combination thereof.

(21) The procedure of exposing the catalyst metal-coated source metal particle powder mass to a high temperature environment is preferably conducted in a protective or reducing atmosphere of an inert gas, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, a mixture thereof, or in a vacuum.

(22) In one embodiment, the process may further comprise a procedure of removing the residual catalytic metal from the metal nanowires; for instance, via chemical etching or electrochemical etching.

(23) For lithium-ion battery anode applications, the process of producing metal nanowires is followed by a procedure of incorporating a carbonaceous or graphitic material into the mass of multiple metal nanowires as a conductive additive in the preparation of an anode electrode. This carbonaceous or graphitic material may be selected from a chemical vapor deposition carbon, physical vapor deposition carbon, amorphous carbon, chemical vapor infiltration carbon, polymeric carbon or carbonized resin, pitch-derived carbon, natural graphite, artificial graphite, mesophase carbon, mesophase pitch, mesocarbon microbead, soft carbon, hard carbon, coke, carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon black, or a combination thereof.

(24) For instance, multiple Cd or Zn nanowires may be readily packed into a porous membrane or mat (with or without a small amount of resin binder), which may be impregnated or infiltrated with carbon under a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or chemical vapor infiltration condition. This may be accomplished by introducing methane or ethylene gas into the system at a temperature of 500° C.-1,500° C. Alternatively, one may impregnate the porous Cd or Zn nanowire membrane with a resin or pitch, which is then heated to carbonize the resin or pitch at a temperature of 350° C.-1,500° C. Alternatively, one may simply blend metal nanowires with particles of a carbon or graphite material with an optional binder resin to form a multi-component mixture.

(25) The following examples are provided for the purpose of illustrating the best mode of practicing the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the instant invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Tin-Assisted Growth of Zn Nanowires from Zn Particles

(26) Zinc particles were coated with a thin layer of Sn using a simple physical vapor deposition up to a thickness of 1.3-3.7 nm. The Sn—Zn system is known to have a eutectic point at Te=198.5° C. and Ce=14.9% Zn. A powder mass of Sn-coated Zn particles (2.2 μm in diameter) were heated to 220° C. and allowed to stay at 220° C. for 1 hour and then cooled down to 200° C. and maintained at 200° C. for 30 minutes. The material system was then naturally cooled to room temperature after switching off the power to the oven. The Zn nanowires grown from Zn particles were found to have diameters in the approximate range of 27-66 nm.

EXAMPLE 2

Ag-Assisted Growth of Cu Nanowires from Cu Particles

(27) An amount of Cu powder was exposed to Ag sputtering to obtain Ag-coated Cu particles. A mass of Ag-coated Cu particles was slowly heated to above Te (reaching 880° C.>Te). The heating rate was 20 degrees/min (centigrade scale). The Ag-coated Cu particles were allowed to stay at this high temperature (880° C.) for 1 hour and then cooled down to 790° C. (slightly above Te) and stayed at 790° C. for 1 hour, followed by naturally cooling down to room temperature. This led to the formation of Cu nanowires from the Ag-coated Cu particles. The diameter of Cu nanowires produced is in the range from 23 nm to 46 nm.

EXAMPLE 3

Cu-Assisted Growth of Ag Nanowires from Ag Particles

(28) The Ag particles were immersed in a solution of copper acetate in water. Water was subsequently removed and the dried Ag particles were coated with a thin layer of copper acetate. These metal precursor-coated Ag particles were then exposed to a heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere of H.sub.2 and Ar gas according to a desired temperature profile. This profile typically included from room temperature to a reduction temperature of approximately 300-600° C. (for reduction of copper acetate to Cu nanocoating). A mass of Cu-coated Ag particles was further heated to above Te (e.g. a high temperature from 870° C.). The heating rate was 10 degrees/min (centigrade scale). The Cu-coated Ag particles were allowed to stay at this high temperature (870° C.) for 2 hours and then cooled down to 780° C. (slightly above Te) and stayed at 780° C. for 1 hour, followed by naturally cooling down to room temperature. This led to the formation of Ag nanowires from the Cu-coated Ag particles. The diameter of Ag nanowires produced is in the range from 23 nm to 46 nm.

EXAMPLE 4

Magnesium-Assisted Growth of Al Nanowires from Al Particles

(29) Al particles were cleaned in a dilute HCl-water solution and then dried in a vacuum oven for 5 hours prior to being mixed with Mg particles in a ball mill chamber. The mixture was milled for 30 minutes to allow for deposition of Mg on Al particle surfaces in a protective atmosphere (H.sub.2/Ar-10/90 ratio gas mixture). Mr-coated Al particles were heated to 530° C. and maintained at this temperature for 2 hours in a protective atmosphere (H.sub.2/N.sub.2-10/90 ratio gas mixture) and then cooled down to approximately 450° C., stayed at this temperature for 1 hour and then cooled down to room temperature.

EXAMPLE 5

Zinc-Assisted Growth of Mg Nanowires from Mg Particles

(30) Mg particles were deposited with a thin film of Zn using an electroplating method. Zn-coated Mg particles were heated to 500° C. and maintained at this temperature for 2 hours in a protective atmosphere (H.sub.2/N.sub.2-10/90 ratio gas mixture). The material was then cooled down to approximately 360° C., stayed at this temperature for 1 hour and then cooled down to room temperature. Mg nanowires are particularly useful for use as an anode active material in a Mg-ion battery that exhibits high-rate capability.

EXAMPLE 6

Nickel-Assisted Growth of Ti Nanowires from Ti Particles

(31) Ti particles were immersed in a solution of nickel nitrate or nickel acetate in water. Water was subsequently removed and the dried particles were coated with a thin layer of nickel nitrate or nickel acetate. These metal precursor-coated Ti particles were then exposed to a heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere of H.sub.2 and Ar gas according to a desired temperature profile. This profile typically included from room temperature to a reduction temperature of approximately 300-700° C. (for reduction of nickel nitrate or acetate to Ni nanocoating, for instance). The temperature was continued to rise to a final temperature of 1,200° C. and stay for 3 hours and the system was allowed to cool down naturally. Nickel metal catalyst-assisted growth of Ti nanowires from Ti particles was found to occur. The diameter of Ti nanowires produced was in the range from 42 nm to 65 nm.