CIRCUITS & METHODS TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM TRANSIENT DATA

Abstract

An apparatus includes a circuit having an inverter including a power supply, an input terminal and an output terminal, and a harvest terminal electrically coupled to the output terminal. The circuit electrically couples the output terminal and the power supply, such that (1) a harvested charge is transferred from an output voltage at the output terminal to the harvest terminal in response to a high-to-low transition at the circuit and (2) a low-to-high transition at the circuit is driven using at least the harvested charge at the harvest terminal in response to the high-to-low transition.

Claims

1. An inverter partially powered by harvested charge comprising of N and P channel FETs with their drain terminals shorted together at the output terminal of the inverter. The source terminals of the N and P channel FETs are connected to the reference Ground and Power supply rails respectively. a second N channel FET whose source and drain terminals couple the output terminal of the inverter with a grid/node whose capacitance holds harvested charge at a voltage larger than the reference ground potential. an input terminal and an output terminal of the inverter whose electric potentials makes full-swing transitions between the power rail voltage and the reference ground rail voltage. The input terminal of the inverter connected directly to the gate input, terminal of the first N channel FET. a small HVT keeper P channel FET whose gate input terminal is driven by the input terminal of the inverter and whose source and drain terminals are connected to the power rail at voltage VDD and the output terminal of the inverter a 2-input NOR gate with its inputs driven by the input and output terminals of the inverter. The 2-input NOR gate output drives the gate input terminal of the second N channel FET and the input terminal of a delay element whose inverted output drives the p channel FET of the inverter

2. The device as recited in claim 1 wherein the second N channel FET is enabled to move charge from the grid/node holding harvested charge to the output terminal of the inverter following a 1.fwdarw.0 logic transition at the input terminal of the inverter with this charge transfer self-disabled by a rising inverter output voltage that resets the output of the NOR gate to the reference ground potential as the inverter output voltage approaches the logic threshold voltage of the NOR gate.

3. The device as recited in claims 1, 2 wherein the rising inverter output voltage is reinforced by the P channel FET of the inverter when the delayed, leading-edge 1.fwdarw.0 transition at the gate input terminal of the P channel FET completes the 0.fwdarw.1 transition at the output of the inverter by transferring charge from the power rail to the output of the inverter.

4. The NOR gate is designed to have a logic threshold such that the voltage V2 at which harvested charge is held is comparable to the logic threshold of the NOR gate. The delay element is designed to have a delay that is comparable to the time it takes for the output to rise from voltage VSS=0V to a voltage comparable to the logic threshold of the NOR.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustrating conventional CMOS circuit schematic of an inverter and its operation in response to 1.fwdarw.0 and 0.fwdarw.1 input transitions

[0015] FIG. 2 is a circuit simulation of the conventional CMOS inverter circuit that shows voltage waveforms at the input and at the output terminals of the inverter in response to 1.fwdarw.0 and 0.fwdarw.1 input transitions. The Figure also shows the current waveform that illustrates the current flow dependence on time for the 0.fwdarw.1 transition at the output and the 1.fwdarw.0 transition at the output

[0016] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrating the proposed circuit of an inverter that uses harvested charge held at a grid/node capacitance at any voltage (between the power rails at the supply voltage and the reference ground potential) to drive its output during a 0.fwdarw.1 voltage transition at an energy cost of 0.6×-0.75× of that seen in a conventional CMOS inverter

[0017] FIG. 4 is a circuit simulation of the proposed inverter circuit that uses harvested charge to power the 0.fwdarw.1 voltage transition at its output—showing voltage waveforms at the input and output terminals (that are practically identical to those observed in a conventional CMOS inverter (FIG. 2)) and current waveforms corresponding to current drawn from the grid holding harvested charge at VDD/2 and the current drawn from the power rail at voltage=VDD.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0018] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustrating operation of a conventional CMOS inverter 100 driving output node OUT 102 with a capacitive load C.sub.out 104. The power rail 106 at electric potential V.sub.DD provides total energy equal to C.sub.outV.sub.DD.sup.2 (derived in equation (1) below) during a 0.fwdarw.1 transition 108 at the output node OUT 102, storing energy of (½)C.sub.outV.sub.DD.sup.2 on the capacitor 104 at the output 102 modeled by equation (2) below. A 1.fwdarw.0 112 transition at the output 102 discharges from C.sub.out 104 all of this stored energy on the capacitor C.sub.out 104 at the output 102 to the reference ground node 110 at electric potential V.sub.ss=0V

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\mathrm{Energy}\mathrm{drawn}\mathrm{from}V\mathrm{DD}\mathrm{supply}\left(\mathrm{during}0.fwdarw.1\mathrm{transition}\mathrm{at}\mathrm{output}\right)}{\int I_{\mathrm{VDD}}\left(t\right)V_{\mathrm{DD}}\mathrm{dt}={\int }_{\mathrm{VSS}}^{\mathrm{VDD}}{C}_{\mathrm{out}}{V}_{\mathrm{DD}}{dV}_{\mathrm{out}}=C_{\mathrm{out}}{V}_{\mathrm{DD}}^2}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$$\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\mathrm{Energy}\mathrm{stored}\mathrm{at}\mathrm{output}}{\int I_{\mathrm{VDD}}\left(t\right)V_{\mathrm{out}}\left(t\right)\mathrm{dt}={\int }_{\mathrm{VSS}}^{\mathrm{VDD}}{C}_{\mathrm{out}}{V}_{\mathrm{out}}{dV}_{\mathrm{out}}=1/2C_{\mathrm{out}}{V}_{\mathrm{DD}}^2}& \left(2\right)\end{array}$$\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\mathrm{Energy}\mathrm{discharged}\mathrm{from}\mathrm{output}\left(\mathrm{during}1.fwdarw.0\mathrm{transition}\mathrm{at}\mathrm{output}\right)}{\int I_{\mathrm{VSS}}\left(t\right)V_{\mathrm{out}}\left(t\right)\mathrm{dt}={\int }_{\mathrm{VDD}}^{\mathrm{VSS}}{C}_{\mathrm{out}}{V}_{\mathrm{out}}{dV}_{\mathrm{out}}=1/2C_{\mathrm{out}}{V}_{\mathrm{DD}}^2}& \left(3\right)\end{array}$

[0019] FIG. 2 200 is an illustration of the time dependent voltage waveforms of the output node OUT (102 in FIG. 1 100) shown as the waveform V.sub.OUT 202 in FIG. 2. The voltage waveform driving the input of the inverter 118 in FIG. 1, is shown in FIG. 2 as V.sub.IN 204

[0020] The waveform of current flow 206 into the inverter from the power rail at voltage V.sub.DD (106 in FIG. 1) is shown along the same x-axis of time (as used to plot voltage waveforms) in FIG. 2. The absolute value of the integral of the current waveform 206 over time in FIG. 2 200 equals the total charge Q drained from the power rail (106 in FIG. 1) to drive the output node 102 from 0.fwdarw.1. The energy consumed from the power rail 106 to accomplish this logic transition at the output node 102 equals [Q.Math.V.sub.DD]=C.sub.outV.sub.DD.sup.2 modeled in equation (1) above.

[0021] In FIG. 3 the proposed circuit schematic functioning as an inverter 300 shows parts highlighted in blue: a 2-input NOR 302 and a delay element 304 that also inverts. These highlighted parts have devices with much smaller widths (˜⅕ of driver transistors) than the other transistors (326,314,320) shown in black in this schematic 300.

[0022] The NOR gate 302 in this schematic generates an active high pulse at its output node 306 whose leading edge is triggered by a 1.fwdarw.0 transition at the input 308 and whose trailing edge is triggered by a 0.fwdarw.1 transition at the output node 310 loaded with a total capacitance C.sub.OUT 312.

[0023] The leading edge of this active high pulse turns on NFET N2 314 which drives charge harvested on the V2 node 316 (held at a voltage typically between VSS and VDD and preferably at a voltage comparable to the logic threshold of the NOR gate 302) to the output node 310 of this inverter.

[0024] The leading edge of the active high pulse at the output of the NOR gate 306, when delayed and inverted to drive the gate input 318 of PFET P1 320, turns on PFET P1 320 to begin charging the output 310 to V.sub.DD—as the output voltage at node OUT 310 approaches V2. Note that a design requirement on the logic threshold voltage of the NOR gate 302 is that it is lower than the typical voltage node V2 would be raised to with harvested charge. Thus, node OUT 310 when being charged to V2 through NFET N2 314, can trip the NOR 302 to produce the high.fwdarw.low transition of the active high pulse at output of the NOR gate 306 to turn-off N2 314.

[0025] The NOR 302 would also trip when the P channel FET P1 320 begins conducting after the delayed and inverted leading edge of the active high pulse output from the NOR turns on P1 320.

[0026] The output continues being charged to VDD by the power rail 324 as P1 320 is turned on. The trailing edge of the active low pulse driving the gate input terminal of the P channel FET 320 turns this PFET 320 off. A small geometry keeper HVT PFET 328 holds the output to V.sub.DD. Its gate input is driven by the inverter input 308 with its source terminal connected to the power rail 324 at voltage V.sub.DD and its drain terminal connected to OUT 310.

[0027] The trailing edge of the active high pulse at the output of the NOR 306 is triggered by the transition at the output node from 0.fwdarw.V2 since the logic threshold of the NOR 302 is less than the voltage at which node V2 316 is charged to with harvested charge, the trailing edge is triggered by this feedback from OUT 310 to the output of the NOR 306.

[0028] The proposed circuit (1) maintains rail-rail operation (2) drives practically the same waveforms at its output as a conventional inverter and (3) uses about 25%-40% of the total charge it drives to its output 310—from the harvest grid node V2 316, instead of getting that charge from the VDD supply rail 324. The primary overhead in area is consumed by the NFET N2 in FIG. 3. All of the other transistors highlighted in blue in FIG. 3 are small and can be replaced by equivalent standard cells. Transistors P1 320, N1 326 in FIG. 3 are identical to the transistors 116 and 114 in the schematic of the inverter in FIG. 1 100.

[0029] The NOR gate 302 and the delay element 304 can be optimized to maximize the energy used from the grid/node holding harvested charge according to what voltage the harvested charge is typically held at when using the proposed inverter. The closer the voltage of the harvested charge is to VDD, the higher the optimal logic threshold voltage of the NOR gate 302 is optimized at and the longer the delay value of the delay element 304 needs to be to maximize the use of harvested charge to accomplish the same 0.fwdarw.1 transition at the output of the inverter. This optimization is especially useful when operating at low, near threshold voltages

[0030] FIG. 4 400 is an illustration of the time dependent voltage waveforms of the output node OUT (310 in FIG. 3) shown as V.sub.OUT 402 in FIG. 4. The input waveform driving the input 308 of the inverter in FIG. 3, V.sub.IN 404 is also shown in FIG. 4

[0031] The waveform of current flow 406 into the inverter from the VDD power rail (324 in FIG. 3) is shown along the same x-axis (as used to plot voltage waveforms) in FIG. 4. The absolute value of the integral of Current over time in FIG. 4 400 equals the total charge Q drained from the power rail (324 in FIG. 3) to drive the output from 0.fwdarw.1. Note that initially the charge to drive the output in the 0.fwdarw.1 transition comes from the harvest charge grid/node V2 316 in FIG. 3. The total charge driven to node OUT 310 in FIG. 3 is the total area under the curves 406 and 408 in FIG. 4. This sum approximately equals the area under the current waveform 206 in FIG. 2 for the conventional CMOS inverter. Note that the voltage waveform at the output node 310 in FIG. 3 is practically the same as the voltage waveform of the output node 102 in FIG. 1 100 of a conventional inverter. However, for the schematic in FIG. 3 300 the total charge consumed from the power rail to complete the 0.fwdarw.1 transition at the output node 310 is only 60%-75% of the total charge taken from the power rail 106 in FIG. 1 for a conventional CMOS inverter. Total current in the comparison is based on simulation of the entire circuit shown in FIG. 1 100 and FIG. 3 300—and thus includes parasitic contributions of all transistors to circuit operation. All parasitic capacitances of transistors in the complete schematic contribute to slew rate seen at the output and overheads incurred in propagation delay in the schematic

[0032] Switching energy consumption by logic gates with low fanouts (<4) are typically small. Gates driving a high fanout (>10) and/or long wires consume more energy and are best candidates for the proposed scheme that uses harvested charge.

[0033] The transistor count increases in the proposed schematic shown in FIG. 3 300 compared to the 2 transistors used in a conventional CMOS inverter. However, the area consumed by the proposed schematics in FIG. 3 300 does not increase proportionally with the number of transistors because the transistors of gates highlighted in blue (302, 304 in FIG. 3) are ˜5× smaller than any of the transistors drawn in black (326, 314 and 320 in FIG. 3 300). This because the load seen by the NOR gate 302 highlighted in blue is small—essentially just the gate input of a single NFET (N2 314 in FIG. 3)—with the load from the delay element 304 much smaller. The transistors P1 320, N1 326 and N2 314 in FIG. 3 are comparable (in dimensions) to the transistors P1 114 and N1 116 in a conventional CMOS inverter shown in FIG. 1 100 that drives the same capacitive load C.sub.OUT 104 in FIGS. 1 and 312 in FIG. 3. The gate footprint of the proposed schematic 300 (in FIG. 3) is not expected to be larger than 1.7δ-2.0× of the CMOS inverter it replaces. Note that the proposed schematics are preferred as replacement candidates of CMOS inverters only when driving large loads—that offer the opportunity for larger energy reductions.

[0034] Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.