System for CO.SUB.2 .capture from internal combustion engine

Abstract

System (2) for CO.sub.2 capture from a combustion engine (1) comprising an exhaust gas flow circuit (6) having an inlet end fluidly connected to an exhaust of the combustion engine, a heat exchanger circuit (12), a primary exhaust gas heat exchanger (H1) for transferring heat from exhaust gas to fluid in the heat exchanger circuit, at least one compressor (10) for compressing fluid in a section of the heat exchanger circuit, the compressor driven by thermal expansion of heat exchanger circuit fluid from the primary exhaust gas heat exchanger (H1), and a CO.sub.2 temperature swing adsorption (TSA) reactor (4) fluidly connected to an outlet end of the exhaust gas flow circuit. The TSA reactor includes at least an adsorption reactor unit (D4) and a desorption reactor unit (D2), the heat exchanger circuit comprising a heating section (12b) for heating the desorption unit (D2) and a cooling section (12a) for cooling the adsorption unit (D4).

Claims

1. System for CO.sub.2 capture from a combustion engine comprising an exhaust gas flow circuit having an inlet end fluidly connected to an exhaust of the combustion engine, a heat exchanger circuit, a primary exhaust gas heat exchanger for transferring heat from exhaust gas to fluid in the heat exchanger circuit, at least one compressor for compressing fluid in a section of the heat exchanger circuit, the compressor driven by thermal expansion of heat exchanger circuit fluid from the primary exhaust gas heat exchanger, a CO.sub.2 temperature swing adsorption (TSA) reactor fluidly connected to an outlet end of the exhaust gas flow circuit, the TSA reactor including at least an adsorption reactor unit and a desorption reactor unit, the heat exchanger circuit comprising a heating section for heating the desorption unit and a cooling section for cooling the adsorption unit, and further comprising at least a second compressor driven by thermal expansion of heat exchanger circuit fluid from the primary exhaust gas heat exchanger, the second compressor fluidly connected to an outlet of the desorption reactor unit for compressing CO.sub.2 output by the desorption unit.

2. System according to claim 1, wherein the fluid in the heat exchanger circuit is, or contains primarily, CO.sub.2.

3. System according to claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger circuit is fluidly connected to a CO.sub.2 output flow circuit of the TSA reactor and the heat exchanger circuit contains CO.sub.2 outputted from the TSA reactor.

4. System according to claim 1, wherein fluid in the heat exchanger circuit is independent of a CO.sub.2 output flow circuit of the TSA reactor.

5. System according to claim 1, wherein the at least one compressors are is a turbocompressors.

6. System according to claim 1, wherein the TSA reactor further comprises a preheating unit and a precooling unit, the heating section of the heat exchanger circuit passing through the preheating unit and the desorption unit to heat these units to cause the adsorbed CO.sub.2 to be extracted from the adsorbent, and the cooling section of the heat exchanger circuit passes through the precooling unit and the adsorption unit to cool these units below the temperature at which the adsorbent adsorbs the CO.sub.2 in the exhaust gas stream.

7. System according to claim 1, wherein the exhaust gas flow circuit comprises a gas-liquid separator upstream of the TSA reactor to extract water from the exhaust gas stream.

8. System according to claim 1, wherein a cooling section of the heat exchanger circuit comprises an expansion valve to lower the temperature and pressure of the heat exchanger circuit gas outputted from a preheating unit of the TSA reactor.

9. System according to claim 1, wherein the TSA reactor comprises an amine doped MOFs adsorbent.

10. System according to claim 1, wherein the TSA reactor comprises adsorbent material on the surface of a fixed bed in each of said reactor units.

11. System according to claim 10, wherein the reactor units are interconnected by fluid flow circuits and valves that may be operated to successively cycle the reactor units through different states from adsorption, preheating, desorption and precooling.

12. System according to claim 1, comprising a CO.sub.2 storage tank for collection and storage of outputted CO.sub.2.

13. System according to claim 12, wherein the at least one compressor is configured to compress the outputted CO.sub.2 at its storage pressure.

14. System according to claim 13, wherein the desorption reactor unit is configured to compress the outputted CO.sub.2 by constant volume heating operation.

15. System for CO.sub.2 capture from a combustion engine comprising an exhaust gas flow circuit having an inlet end fluidly connected to an exhaust of the combustion engine, a heat exchanger circuit, a primary exhaust gas heat exchanger for transferring heat from exhaust gas to fluid in the heat exchanger circuit, at least one compressor for compressing fluid in a section of the heat exchanger circuit, the compressor driven by thermal expansion of heat exchanger circuit fluid from the primary exhaust gas heat exchanger, and a CO.sub.2 temperature swing adsorption (TSA) reactor fluidly connected to an outlet end of the exhaust gas flow circuit, the TSA reactor including at least an adsorption reactor unit and a desorption reactor unit, the heat exchanger circuit comprising a heating section for heating the desorption unit and a cooling section for cooling the adsorption unit, wherein the TSA reactor further comprises a preheating unit and a precooling unit, the heating section of the heat exchanger circuit passing through the preheating unit and the desorption unit to heat these units to cause the adsorbed CO.sub.2 to be extracted from the adsorbent, and the cooling section of the heat exchanger circuit passes through the precooling unit and the adsorption unit to cool these units below the temperature at which the adsorbent adsorbs the CO.sub.2 in the exhaust gas stream.

16. System according to claim 15, wherein the fluid in the heat exchanger circuit is, or contains primarily, CO.sub.2.

17. System according to claim 15, wherein the heat exchanger circuit is fluidly connected to a CO.sub.2 output flow circuit of the TSA reactor and the heat exchanger circuit contains CO.sub.2 outputted from the TSA reactor.

18. System according to claim 15, wherein fluid in the heat exchanger circuit is independent of a CO.sub.2 output flow circuit of the TSA reactor.

19. System according to claim 15, wherein the at least one compressor is a turbocompressors.

20. System according to claim 15, wherein the exhaust gas flow circuit comprises a gas-liquid separator upstream of the TSA reactor to extract water from the exhaust gas stream.

21. System according to claim 15, wherein a cooling section of the heat exchanger circuit comprises an expansion valve to lower the temperature and pressure of the heat exchanger circuit gas outputted from a preheating unit of the TSA reactor.

22. System according to claim 15, wherein the TSA reactor comprises an amine doped MOFs adsorbent.

23. System according to claim 15, wherein the TSA reactor comprises adsorbent material on the surface of a fixed bed in each of said reactor units.

24. System according to claim 23, wherein the reactor units are interconnected by fluid flow circuits and valves that may be operated to successively cycle the reactor units through different states from adsorption, preheating, desorption and precooling.

25. System according to claim 15, comprising a CO.sub.2 storage tank for collection and storage of outputted CO.sub.2.

26. System according to claim 25, wherein the at least one compressor is configured to compress the outputted CO.sub.2 at its storage pressure.

27. System according to claim 26, wherein the desorption reactor unit is configured to compress the outputted CO.sub.2 by constant volume heating operation.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which by way of example illustrate embodiments of the present invention and in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the composition of exhaust gas from a diesel engine;

(3) FIG. 2 are graphs illustrating Enthalpy-temperature profiles for exhaust cooling, adsorption cooling, desorption heating and CO.sub.2 compression for 1 liter of diesel;

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic block flow diagram of an example of simple heat and mass flows for CO.sub.2 capture from a diesel engine exhaust according to an embodiment of the invention;

(5) FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating Q vs. 1-T0/T of a CO.sub.2 capture system for 1 liter diesel;

(6) FIG. 5 is a schematic block flow diagram of a CO.sub.2 capture system from a combustion engine exhaust according to a first embodiment of the invention;

(7) FIG. 6 is a schematic block flow diagram of a CO.sub.2 capture system from a combustion engine exhaust according to a second embodiment of the invention;

(8) FIG. 7 is a schematic block flow diagram of a CO.sub.2 capture system from a combustion engine exhaust according to a third embodiment of the invention;

(9) FIG. 8 is a schematic block flow diagram of a CO.sub.2 capture system from a combustion engine exhaust according to a fourth embodiment of the invention;

(10) FIG. 9 is a schematic block flow diagram of a CO.sub.2 capture system from a combustion engine exhaust according to a fifth embodiment of the invention;

(11) FIG. 10 is a schematic block flow diagram of a CO.sub.2 capture system from a combustion engine exhaust according to a sixth embodiment of the invention;

(12) FIG. 11 are graphs illustrating composite and grand composite curves for a CO.sub.2 capture system according to embodiments of the invention;

(13) FIG. 12 is a schematic block flow diagram of a CO.sub.2 capture system from a combustion engine exhaust according to an embodiment of the invention illustrating heat and mass flow details for 1 hour operation or 6.25 liters diesel consumption;

(14) FIG. 13a is a schematic diagram of a first variant of a TSA reactor of a CO.sub.2 capture system according to an embodiment of the invention;

(15) FIG. 13b is a schematic diagram of a second variant of a TSA reactor of a CO.sub.2 capture system to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(16) Energy Analysis of a CO.sub.2 Capture System According to Embodiments of the Invention

(17) FIG. 3 illustrates an integrated CO.sub.2 capture system, based on 1 liter diesel consumption in an internal combustion engine. First of all, diesel engine exhaust based on 1 liter of diesel consumption is analyzed for CO.sub.2 capture. The TSA system is calculated using PPN-6-CH.sub.2TETA as an adsorbent (Huck et al., 2014). FIG. 2 shows enthalpy-temperature profiles for exhaust cooling, adsorption cooling, desorption heating and product CO.sub.2 compression. The exhaust stream contains 14.21 MJ/l-diesel waste heat, heating and desorption step requires 7.96 MJ/l-diesel heat, 8.17 MJ/l-diesel heat has to be removed during cooling and adsorption step, and 1.58 MJ/l-diesel heat has to be removed for CO.sub.2 compression and liquefaction.

(18) FIG. 3 shows simple heat and mass flows for CO.sub.2 capture system, based on 1 liter diesel consumption. 1 liter diesel contains 37.27 MJ energy, which is divided into three parts by the internal combustion engine: 13.05 MJ as mechanical power to drive the vehicle, 14.21 MJ as waste heat in exhaust gas, and 10.02 MJ as heat removed using coolant. The exhaust gas stream is cooled down to 25° C., and water is condensed and removed. The cooled exhaust stream (saturated with water at 25° C.) goes to the adsorption bed, where CO.sub.2 is attached to the adsorbent. Finally, CO.sub.2 is desorbed from the adsorbent at high temperature, and then compressed and liquefied.

(19) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Energy and exergy analysis of the internal combustion engine, the CO.sub.2 capture system, and compression power required for CO.sub.2 liquefaction (1 liter diesel) Internal Combustion Diesel Mechanical Cooling Engine (fuel) Power Exhaust System Energy, MJ 37.27 13.05 14.21 10.02 Exergy, MJ 38.53 13.05 3.99 2.42 CO.sub.2 Capture Heating & Cooling & System Exhaust Desorption Adsorption CO2* Energy, MJ 14.21 7.96 8.17 1.59 Exergy, MJ 3.99 −1.88 0.74 0.27 Net Exergy 3.12 Available: ε, MJ Mechanical Power 1.56 (=0.5ε), MJ Mechanical Power for CO.sub.2 0.86 Compression (75 bar) and Liquefaction, MJ Mechanical Power for CO.sub.2 1.15 Compression (200 bar), MJ

(20) Table 1 also presents exergetic analysis of internal combustion engine (Al-Najem and Diab, 1992; Kul and Kahraman, 2016). The CO.sub.2 capture system according to embodiments of the invention is thus feasible from the exergetic point of view (Table 1 and FIG. 4). In total, 3.12 MJ of net exergy is available. Assuming a 50% efficiency, therefore there is a potential to produce the equivalent of 1.56 MJ of mechanical power for the CO.sub.2 capture and storage system. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 75% for the compressors, this value can be compared with the compression power needed to produce CO.sub.2 in the liquid form (compression at 75 bar): 0.86 MJ or compressed CO.sub.2 at 200 bar: 1.15 MJ. For 1 liter diesel consumption in an internal combustion engine, 2.11 kg CO.sub.2 is captured by the system, which has a volume of 2.96 liters (as liquid CO.sub.2 product) or 4.53 liters (as compressed CO.sub.2 product).

(21) Design of a CO.sub.2 Capture System According to Embodiments of the Invention

(22) The above analysis shows that it is possible to generate the heat and the work that is needed to capture the CO.sub.2 of exhaust gases of a combustion engine using energy available in the exhaust gases, which is particularly advantageous for mobile applications, such as for CO.sub.2 capture from the exhaust of a diesel engine on a truck, bus or boat.

(23) The CO.sub.2 capture system according to embodiments of the invention combines heat pumping, cooling and Rankine cycle integration. It is advantageous to produce a cooling capacity at a temperature lower than the 40° C. for the adsorption step of a temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process, especially in mobile applications where environmental temperature may exceed the optimal temperature for efficient adsorption of CO.sub.2.

(24) Referring to the figures, in particular FIGS. 5 to 10 and 12 to 13b, a CO.sub.2 capture system 2 for capturing CO.sub.2 from the exhaust of an internal combustion (IC) engine 1, according to embodiments of the invention, comprises an exhaust gas flow circuit 6, a temperature swing adsorption reactor 4, a heat exchanger circuit 12, a CO.sub.2 output flow circuit 8, and one or more turbines or compressors 10, which may advantageously be in the form of turbocompressors TC1, TC2.

(25) Turbocompressors may be mechanically connected together via a common shaft or a fixed or variable transmission mechanism. The turbocompressors TC1, TC2 may also be connected to electrical generators. In a variant, turbocompressors TC1, TC2 may be not be mechanically coupled together, but only electrically coupled, for instance the electrical energy from a generator coupled to a turbocompressor being used to drive a motor coupled to another turbocompressor.

(26) The exhaust gas flow circuit 6 is connected at an inlet end to the exhaust of the IC engine 1 and at an outlet end to the TSA, and passes through a primary exhaust gas heat exchanger H1 to transfer waste heat from the exhaust gas to a heating section 12b of heat exchanger circuit.

(27) The heating section 12b contains gas, and may be fluidly connected to said one or more turbocompressors. Expansion of the gas in the heating section 12b due to the heat transfer in the primary heat exchanger drives the one or more turbocompressors TC1, TC2. The gas contained in the heat exchanger circuit may in advantageous embodiments be CO.sub.2.

(28) In certain embodiments for instance as illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8, the fluid in the heat exchanger circuit is independent of the TSA reactor CO.sub.2 output flow circuit 8.

(29) In certain other embodiments as illustrated in FIGS. 5, 6 9 and 10, the heat exchanger circuit 12 is fluidly connected to the TSA reactor CO.sub.2 output flow circuit 8, and the heat exchanger circuit 12 contains CO.sub.2 outputted from the TSA reactor 4.

(30) The TSA reactor comprises an adsorption unit D4, a preheating unit D1, a desorption unit D2, and a precooling unit D3. The heating section 12b of the heat exchanger circuit passes through the preheating unit D1 and the desorption unit D2 to heat these units to cause the adsorbed CO.sub.2 to be extracted from the adsorbent. The cooling section 12a of the heat exchanger circuit passes through the precooling unit D3 and the adsorption unit D4 to cool these units below the temperature at which the adsorbent adsorbs the CO.sub.2 in the exhaust gas stream. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the adsorption unit D4 for adsorption is preferably around 40° C. or less.

(31) The cooling section 12a of the heat exchanger circuit 12 may comprise an expansion valve V1 to lower the temperature and pressure of the heat exchanger circuit gas outputted from the preheating unit D1 of the TSA reactor 4, for recirculation in the adsorption unit D4 and in certain embodiments where the heat exchanger circuit is connected to the CO.sub.2 output flow circuit 8, for collection and storage of outputted CO.sub.2 in a CO.sub.2 storage tank T1.

(32) The exhaust gas flow circuit 6 further comprises a gas-liquid separator S1 to extract water from the exhaust gas stream. Preferably, the gas-liquid separator S1 is positioned upstream of the TSA reactor 4, and comprises a condenser for condensing water in the exhaust gas stream before the exhaust gas stream enters the adsorption unit D4. The condensed water may be fed into a water storage tank (not shown), or allowed to flow into the environment.

(33) Further heat exchangers for the exhaust gas stream, in particular an additional exhaust gas heat exchanger H4 in the exhaust gas stream after the primary exhaust gas heat exchanger H1 may be provided to further cool down the exhaust gas stream prior to entry in the TSA reactor 4.

(34) The heat exchanger circuit comprises a heat exchanger H2 between the outlet of the precooling unit D3 of the TSA reactor and the compressor 10, for instance in the form of a heat exchanger H2, prior to compression of the heat exchanger circuit gas by the compressor 10. The heat exchanger H2 after the outlet of the precooling unit D3 of the TSA reactor allows to cool down the heat exchanger circuit gas that is heated in the TSA, prior to recirculation in the cooling section 12a.

(35) The heat exchanger circuit comprises a heat exchanger H3 at the outlet of the preheating unit D1 of the TSA reactor, for instance in the form of condenser H3, to cool down the heat exchanger circuit gas exiting the hot section of the TSA, prior to recirculation in the cooling section 12a.

(36) Exhaust gas stream after cooling down via heat exchangers H1, H4 to a temperature adapted for adsorption by the adsorbent of the TSA reactor, flows into the adsorption unit D4 of the TSA reactor. A large percentage of the CO.sub.2 in the exhaust gas stream, for instance around 90% of the CO.sub.2, is adsorbed by the adsorbent in the adsorption unit D4 and the remaining gases may be output into the environment.

(37) In an advantageous embodiment (illustrated in FIG. 13b), the adsorbent material is on the surface of a fixed bed in each of a plurality of reactor chambers D1-D4 that are interconnected by a gas flow circuits and valves that may be operated to rotate the function of each of the reactor chambers successively from adsorption, to preheating, to desorption, to precooling. Thus each reactor chamber is at a different successive temperature state and each reactor chamber acts in successive rotation as the adsorption unit D4, preheating unit D1, desorption unit D2, and precooling unit D3.

(38) In a variant, the adsorbent material is on particles forming a fluidized bed that flows from one reactor chamber D1-D4 to the next (embodiment illustrated in FIG. 13b), the reactor chambers interconnected by fluidized bed flow circuits and valves that may be operated to control flow of the fluidized bed between each of the reactor chambers successively from adsorption, to preheating, to desorption, to precooling. Thus each reactor chamber is at a different successive temperature state and acts as one of the adsorption unit D4, preheating unit D1, desorption unit D2, or precooling unit D3.

(39) The TSA reactor comprises at least two reactors to function successively as adsorption and desorption reactors, whereby the precooling and preheating units may be omitted or integrated within the respective adsorption and desorption reactors.

(40) Preferably, the TSA reactor comprises at least four reactor units such that at least two reactor units during a cycle act as precooling, respectively preheating reactors to improve the efficiency and yield of adsorption and desorption of CO.sub.2. In variants, more than four reactors may however be provided to have additional precooling and preheating reactor units. In variants however, the TSA reactor may comprise three reactor units, for instance an adsorption unit, a preheating & desorption unit, and a cooling unit, whereby the preheating and desorption can be incorporated in a single reactor unit.

(41) Referring now to the particular embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 10, starting with the embodiment of FIG. 5. This embodiment presents a system that combines a temperature swing adsorption reactor 4 to capture the CO.sub.2 from the exhaust stream of an internal combustion or Stirling engine 1 with a turbo-compressor 10 to produce liquid CO.sub.2.

(42) The atmospheric temperature swing adsorption system 4 comprises at least two stages: (D2) desorption of CO2 from the adsorbent, and (D4) adsorption of CO2 from the exhaust gases.

(43) In a preferred embodiment, the atmospheric temperature swing adsorption system 4 comprises four stages: (D1) adsorbent preheating, (D2) desorption of CO.sub.2 from the adsorbent, (D3) adsorbent precooling, and (D4) adsorption of CO.sub.2 from the exhaust gases.

(44) In a variant, the atmospheric temperature swing adsorption system 4 comprises three stages: (D2) desorption of CO.sub.2 from the adsorbent (including adsorbent preheating), (D3) adsorbent precooling, and (D4) adsorption of CO.sub.2 from the exhaust gases.

(45) A primary exhaust gas heat exchanger H1 recovers the heat of the exhaust gases to heat CO.sub.2 fluid in the heat exchanger circuit 12, which is pumped by a pump P1 as a liquid at supercritical pressure, and heated up to supercritical conditions.

(46) The supercritical heat exchange fluid may be divided into two flows that are fed into two turbocompressors 10. The first turbocompressor TC1 is used to compress the CO.sub.2 extracted from the adsorbent to the CO.sub.2 storage pressure. Excess of work of the first turbocompressor TC1 may be supplied to drive a generator (not shown).

(47) The second turbocompressor TC2 may be used to compress the CO.sub.2 evaporated in the heat exchangers H5, H6, D4, D3 and H2. Excess work of the second turbocompressor TC2 may be supplied to drive a generator (not shown).

(48) One or two heat exchangers, that uses the outlet streams of the turbines of the turbocompressors, are used to supply heat of desorption of the captured CO.sub.2 (D2) and later preheating of the adsorbent (D1).

(49) A heat exchanger H3 acts as a condenser to condense the compressed CO.sub.2 by heat exchange with the environment.

(50) The gas liquid separator S1 separates the condensed water from the combustion gases.

(51) The expansion valve V1 expands the liquid CO.sub.2 to a lower pressure, which has suitable temperature for the adsorption unit.

(52) A heat exchanger acting as an evaporator H5 produces cold that is used to cool down the combustion gases to a low temperature. The cold combustion gases are fed to the adsorbent unit D4.

(53) An additional evaporator H6 may be provided to generate additional cooling for various auxiliary purposes, such as vehicle cabin cooling.

(54) One or two heat exchangers cool the adsorbent bed (D4) followed by the precooling of the adsorbent bed (D3) which leaves the desorption step (D2).

(55) The storage tank T1 stores the captured CO.sub.2 in the liquid form at the outlet of condenser H3. High pressure compressed CO.sub.2 gas storage can be used as an alternative for liquid CO.sub.2 storage.

(56) In a variant, as illustrated in FIG. 6, a gas liquid separator S2 in the heat exchanger circuit at the outlet of valve V1 may be provided to produce liquid CO.sub.2 product.

(57) In a variant, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the system comprises a separate flow circuit for recovering CO.sub.2 from the adsorbent using a heat exchanger coupled to ambient (environmental) temperature and fed into a liquid storage tank T2.

(58) In a variant, as illustrated in FIG. 8, CO.sub.2 compression can also be realised by constant volume heating operation of the desorption reactor unit D2 instead of using the turbocompressor TC1.

(59) In an embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 9, waste heat available from the engine cooling system can be used as an additional source of heat for the system.

(60) In a variant, as illustrated in FIG. 10, heat exchanger circuits 12a and 12b have different fluids.

(61) Example of the Performance of a CO.sub.2 Capture System According to an Embodiment of the Invention

(62) The CO.sub.2 capture system is designed for 1 day operation of heavy duty truck for delivery in a city, which travels 250 km in 8 hours (20 liters diesel/100 km, Delgado et al., 2017). The diesel engine emits 117.2 kg of CO.sub.2 by consuming 50 liters diesel, and 105.5 kg of CO.sub.2 (90% capture) should be captured and stored by the CO.sub.2 capture system. The working capacity (or CO.sub.2 loading) of the adsorbent material is 0.1 kg-CO.sub.2/kg-adsorbent (Verdegaal et al., 2016). Finally, 1 h adsorption-desorption cycle time has been assumed (Gibson et al., 2016).

(63) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Details of CO.sub.2 capture system specification (1 day operation, 250 km travel, 50 liters diesel consumptions) Storage CO.sub.2 CO.sub.2 Adsorbent Tank Total Total P (bar) Mechanical Mass Volume Adsorbent Volume Mass Mass Volume T (° C.) Power (MJ) (kg) (liter) Mass (kg) (liter) (kg) (kg) (liter) 75, 25 5.44 105.5 147.96 4 × 32.97 4 × 40.95 150 387.4 311.8

(64) CO.sub.2 is captured, compressed, liquefied and stored in a storage tank. The diesel engine consumes 6.25 liters diesel per hour that means 13.19 kg CO.sub.2 should be captured per hour (1 liter diesel=2.34 kg CO.sub.2 emission≃90% or 2.11 kg CO.sub.2 capture, see FIG. 3). Hence, the capture system requires 131.88 kg (163.8 liters) adsorbent. Further, the mass of storage tank is 150 kg (typical liquid CO.sub.2 cylinders) to store 105.5 kg (˜148 liters) liquid CO.sub.2. The capture system has been simulated in flowsheeting software Belsim Vali. CO.sub.2 based Rankine cycle (160 and 75 bar) is used to extract heat from the exhaust gas stream, and to produce the mechanical power in a turbine. This mechanical power is used in CO.sub.2 based heat pump (75 and 50 bar) to generate cold utility for removing heat of adsorption from bed and precooling of bed from desorption temperature to adsorption temperature. Further, heat rejected from CO.sub.2 based Rankine cycle is used for supplying heat of desorption and preheating of bed from adsorption temperature to desorption temperature. Finally, a compressor is used to compress the product CO.sub.2 after the desorption step. The mechanical power generated using turbine is sufficient to run compressor for CO.sub.2 based heat pump and compressor for product CO.sub.2.

(65) FIG. 11 presents composite and grand composite curves for cooling of exhaust gas stream, heat of adsorption and precooling, heat of desorption and preheating, CO.sub.2 based Rankine cycle, CO.sub.2 based heat pump, and product CO.sub.2 compression. In FIG. 11, no external hot utility is required to close the heat balance which shows the feasibility of the capture system. The composite curves provides minimum energy targets that can be used in the heat exchanger network design. The systematic approach for heat exchanger network design may give a network with many heat exchangers. In order to keep the practical constraints in mind, a simplified preliminary design for CO.sub.2 capture system is illustrated in FIG. 12.

(66) Fuel Production Using Captured CO.sub.2

(67) The captured CO.sub.2 by the system can be used as feedstock to produce gas or liquid green fuels. For 1 day operation of the delivery truck (250 km travel in 8 hours), 105.5 kg of CO.sub.2 will be captured by the proposed system. Table 3 presents the conversion of 105.5 kg of CO.sub.2 into fuel by co-electrolysis using renewable electricity (Wang et al., 2018). The renewable electricity for CO.sub.2 conversion into green fuels can be provided by the PV panels. For calculating total area of PV panels in Switzerland, 400 W/m.sup.2 average annual solar irradiation (17.28 MJ/day/m.sup.2; www.meteoswiss.admin.ch) has been considered in Table 3. Further, solar irradiation to electricity conversion efficiency of 20% has been assumed for the PV panels.

(68) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Conversion of captured CO.sub.2 (105.5 kg from 1 day operation of delivery truck) into green fuels Methane Methanol DME Gasoline Fuel, kg 38.89 70.35 48.94 27.11 Power consumptions, MJ 2582.7 2163.7 2251.2 1983.2 Photovoltaic panels 747.3 626.1 651.4 573.8 area (Switzerland), m.sup.2

(69) The delivery truck consumes 50 liters (41.6 kg) diesel per day, or 1885 MJ energy based on the lower heating value of diesel. Assuming same efficiency of the engine for different fuels, Table 4 presents amount of alternate fuel used, CO.sub.2 produced, CO.sub.2 captured, fuel produced using captured CO.sub.2, renewable energy consumed and PV panel area.

(70) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Use of alternate fuels in the delivery truck (250 km travel in 8 hours) Methane Methanol DME Gasoline Fuel Used, kg 37.7 94.7 65.2 43.4 CO.sub.2 Produced, kg 103.7 130.2 124.8 134.1 CO.sub.2 Captured (90%), kg 93.3 117.2 112.3 120.7 Fuel Produced using 34.4 78.2 52.1 31.0 Captured CO.sub.2, kg Energy Content of Fuel 1719.6 1555.6 1505.6 1346.2 Produced, MJ Renewable Energy 2284.2 2404.1 2396.3 2268.9 Consumed in Fuel Production, MJ Power to fuel efficiency, % 75.3 64.7 62.8 59.3 Photovoltaic panels area 660.9 695.6 693.4 656.5 (Switzerland), m.sup.2

(71) The above examples present a system for CO.sub.2 capture from exhaust stream of a truck engine. The system design includes integration of temperature swing adsorption, Rankine cycle, heat pump (i.e., cold generation) and CO.sub.2 liquefaction on the delivery truck. The proposed system design advantageously has energy self-sufficiency, as it converts waste heat available in the exhaust stream into mechanical energy to drive the heat pump compressor and product compressor.

(72) The system design is an attractive solution due to its low weight and low volume. For daily operation of a delivery truck, the total mass and volume of the adsorbent beds, storage tank and captured CO.sub.2 are for instance about 387.4 kg and 311.8 liters. Average gross weight of a delivery truck is for instance about 8000 kg, and so the added extra weight of the CO.sub.2 capture system (adsorbent beds and storage tank) will be about 3.5% of the gross weight of delivery truck. Further, some additional weight and space will be required for piping, turbo-compressors, micro-channel heat exchangers. In general, more than 2 m.sup.3 space is available over the truck cabin. Hence, a temperature swing adsorption based CO.sub.2 capture system according to the invention can easily be placed for instance over the truck cabin or in another location on a vehicle.

(73) The captured CO.sub.2 can be utilized for the storage of renewable energy by converting product CO.sub.2 into green fuels using co-electrolysis, whereby around 90% of the carbon present in the fuel can be recycled as green fuels. Hybrid buses have reduced fuel consumption (23.4-42.9% reduction) and emissions (CO reduction: 32-59.5%, HC reduction: 56.3-75.3%, NOx reduction: 17.8-38.7%, PM reduction: 50.8-97.1%) compared to the conventional buses. The CO.sub.2 capture system can also be used in the hybrid buses to further reduce the CO.sub.2 emissions allowing a higher share of renewables used in the transport and reducing the fossil CO.sub.2 emissions to environment and at the same time to generate cooling by using waste heat available in the engine exhaust stream and cooling system.

LIST OF REFERENCES IN THE DRAWINGS

(74) Combustion engine 1 CO.sub.2 capture system 2 for combustion engine exhaust gas Exhaust gas flow circuit 6 Gas-Liquid separator S1 Heat exchanger circuit 12 Cooling section 12a Expansion valve V1 CO.sub.2 gas-liquid separator S2 Heating section 12b Pump P1 Heat exchangers Primary exhaust gas heat exchanger H1 Heat exchanger H2 Condenser H3 Condenser H3′ Additional exhaust gas heat exchanger H4 Evaporator H5 Evaporator H6 Condenser H7 Compressors 10 Turbocompressors TC1, TC2 First turbocompressor Second turbocompressor CO.sub.2 output flow circuit 8 CO.sub.2 storage tank T1 Temperature swing adsorption reactor 4 Adsorption unit D4 Preheating unit D1 Desorption unit D2 Precooling unit D3