DIAGNOSIS METHOD OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Abstract

A method for diagnosing or prognosing, multiple sclerosis including the steps of (a) measuring the amount of at least one first protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, the at least first protein belonging to the group of proteins: a first protein, a second protein, a third protein, a fourth protein and a fifth protein, as set forth in SEQ ID NO 1 to 5, (b) comparing the amount of the at least first protein with the amount of the same protein in a control sample, and (c) determining the status of the biological sample.

Claims

1-14. (canceled)

15. A method for diagnosing multiple sclerosis in an individual suspected to be afflicted by multiple sclerosis, comprising the steps of: a) measuring, in a biological sample of said individual, the amount of at least one first protein, said at least one first protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, said at least first protein belonging to the group of proteins consisting of a first protein, a second protein, a third protein, a fourth protein and a fifth protein, said first protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, said second protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, said third protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, said fourth protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, and said fifth protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, b) comparing the amount of said at least first protein with the amount of the same protein in a control sample of the same nature originating from an individual not afflicted by multiple sclerosis, to establish a protein expression level ratio of said at least one protein, c) determining the status of said biological sample such that if the ratio established in step b) for said at least protein is higher than, or equal to, 2, said biological sample is representative of multiple sclerosis.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein step a) consists in measuring the amount of at least said first protein, said second protein and said third protein, step b) consists in comparing the amount of said at least three proteins with the amount of the same proteins in a control sample of the same nature originating from an individual not afflicted by multiple sclerosis, to establish the respective protein expression level ratio for each of said at least three proteins, and step c) consists of determining the status of said biological sample such that if the ratio established in step b) for said at least first protein is higher than, or equal to, 2, for said at least second is higher than, or equal to, 2.5, and for said at least third protein is higher than, or equal to, 1.5, then, the biological sample is representative of a multiple sclerosis.

17. The method according to claim 15, wherein step c) consists in determining the status of said biological sample such that if the ratio established in step b) for said third protein is higher than, or equal to 3, then, the biological sample is representative of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

18. The method according to claim 15, wherein step c) consists in determining the status of said biological sample such that if the ratio established in step b) for said second protein is higher than, or equal to 5, then, the biological sample is representative of a MS.

19. The method according to claim 15, wherein said biological sample is a cerebrospinal fluid sample.

20. A method for diagnosing in vitro a central nervous system disease in an individual suspected to be afflicted by such a disease, said method comprising: a) measuring the amount of at least one first protein, one second protein and one third protein, said first protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, said second protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, said third protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, said at least one first protein, one second protein and one third protein belonging to the group of proteins consisting of a first protein, a second protein, a third protein, a fourth protein and a fifth protein, said first protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, said second protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, said third protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, said fourth protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, said fifth protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, b) comparing the amount of each of said at least one first protein, one second protein and one third protein with the amount of the same proteins in a biological sample of the same nature originating from an healthy individual not afflicted by a central nervous system disease, to establish the respective protein expression level ratios for each of said at least one first protein, one second protein and one third protein, and c) determining the status of said biological sample such that if the ratio established in step b) (i) for (1) said at least first protein is higher than, or equal to, 2, (2) for said at least second is higher than, or equal to, 2.5, and (3) for said at least third protein is higher than, or equal to, 1.5 then the individual is afflicted by multiple sclerosis, (ii) for the second protein is higher than, or equal to, 2, then the individual is afflicted by multiple sclerosis or an inflammatory neurological disease (iii) for the third protein, is higher than, or equal to, 1.5, then the individual is afflicted by a clinically isolated syndrome without conversion to multiple sclerosis, a clinically isolated syndrome with conversion to multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, primary progressive multiple sclerosis, an non inflammatory neurological disease, an inflammatory neurological disease or peripheral inflammatory neurological disease.

21. The method according to claim 20, said method comprising: a) measuring the amount of the first protein, the second protein the third protein, the fourth protein and the fifth protein, b) comparing the amount of the first protein, the second protein the third protein, the fourth protein and the fifth protein with the amount of the same proteins in a biological sample of the same nature originating from an healthy individual not afflicted by a central nervous system disease, to establish the respective protein expression level ratio for each of said at least four proteins, and c) determining the status of said biological sample such that if the ratio established in step b) (iv) for each of said at least proteins is higher than, or equal to, 2, then the individual is afflicted by multiple sclerosis, (v) for the second protein, is higher than, or equal to, 2.5, then the individual is afflicted by multiple sclerosis or an inflammatory neurological disease (vi) for the third protein is higher than, or equal to, 1.5, then the individual is afflicted by multiple sclerosis, a non inflammatory neurological disease, an inflammatory neurological disease or peripheral inflammatory neurological disease, and (vii) for fourth protein is higher than, or equal to, 1.5, then the individual is afflicted by an inflammatory neurological disease.

22. The method according to claim 20, wherein in step c) if the ratio established the third protein is higher than, or equal to, 3, then the individual is afflicted by an inflammatory neurological disease radiologically isolated syndrome with conversion to multiple sclerosis, a clinically isolated syndrome without conversion to multiple sclerosis, a clinically isolated syndrome with conversion to multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis or primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

23. The method according to claim 20, wherein in step c) if the ratio established the second protein is higher than, or equal to, 5, then the individual is afflicted by a MS.

24. The method according to claim 20, wherein said biological sample is a cerebrospinal fluid sample.

25. A kit comprising a set of at least 3 antibodies liable to form a protein complex with at least one first protein, one second protein and one third protein, said first protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, said second protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, said third protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, said at least one first protein, one second protein and one third protein belonging to the group of proteins consisting of a first protein, a second protein, a third protein, a fourth protein and a fifth protein, said first protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, said second protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, said third protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, said fourth protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, said fifth protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.

26. The kit according to claim 25, comprising at least 3 antibodies, each antibody being able to specifically form an immune complex with only one protein of said one first protein, one second protein and one third protein.

27. The method according to claim 16, wherein said biological sample is representative of a clinically isolated syndrome without conversion to multiple sclerosis, a clinically isolated syndrome with conversion to multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis or primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0119] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the workflow proposed to study the variations in the oligodendrocyte secretome upon TNF-alpha or Fas-L treatment.

[0120] FIGS. 2A to 2C represent high-resolution peptide profiling of CSF from symptomatic controls and RRMS (2A and 2B) and show up-regulation of CHI3L1 and CHI3L2 in RRMS, which was verified by ELISA (2C).

[0121] FIG. 2A represents high-resolution peptide profiling of CSF from symptomatic controls.

[0122] FIG. 2B represent high-resolution peptide profiling of CSF from RRMS.

[0123] FIG. 2C show up-regulation of CHI3L1 and CHI3L2 in RRMS, which was verified by ELISA.

[0124] FIG. 3 represents determination of optimal labelled/endogenous peptide dilution for parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). A mixture of 1 microl of each synthetic (labelled) peptide was established. Serial dilutions (1/400 to 1/800.000) of the mixture were spiked in 10 aliquots of the same sample (CSF pool from 3 RRMS and 3 control patients). For each peptide, the labelled peptide intensity matching endogenous peptide intensity was determined (red circle). The corresponding dilution was used to build the final labelled peptides mixture for PRM analysis.

[0125] FIG. 4 represents a comparison of label-free and PRM peptide quantification with CSF concentration of the corresponding protein in different pathological conditions. CSF chitinase 3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) concentration was determined by ELISA (YKL-40, Microvue, Quidel Corp.) in four groups of 10 patients (CTRL: control; RRMS: relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; CIS: clinically isolated syndrome). Relative intensity of peptide LVCYYTSWSQYR (SEQ ID NO: 13) was determined by label-free analysis in the same patients. Endogenous/labelled peptide ratio for LVCYYTSWSQYR (SEQ ID NO: 13) was also measured by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) in each CSF sample. Similar expression profiles were observed among different methods, confirming the reliability of PRM method to quantify candidate biomarkers in CSF.

[0126] FIG. 5 represents an example of CSF biomarker verification by PRM (CD27 peptide 1).

[0127] FIG. 6 represents expression profile of SDC1, IgKC, CD27, NGAL and CECR1 determined by PRM in different types of samples (CTRL: symptomatic controls; NOC: inflammatory neurological disease controls; NINDC: non inflammatory neurological disease controls; PINDC: peripheral inflammatory neurological disease controls; ON: isolated optic neuritis; RIS−: radiologically isolated syndrome without conversion to MS; RIS+: radiologically isolated syndrome with conversion to MS; CIS−: clinically isolated syndrome without conversion to MS; CIS+: clinically isolated syndrome with conversion to MS; RRMS: relapsing-remitting MS; PPMS: primary progressive MS).

[0128] FIG. 7 is a table in which are shown the fold changes of 16 peptides selected for the verification step using PRM among the different group comparisons. Fold change significances (t-test p-values) obtained using Msstat add-on in Skyline software are shown. *: p-value<0.05; **: p-value<0.001; ***: p-value<0.0001. CTRL: control, INDC: inflammatory neurological disease, NINDC: non inflammatory neurological disease PINDC: peripheral inflammatory neurological disease, ON: isolated optic neuritis, RIS−: radiologically isolated syndrome without conversion to multiple sclerosis, RIS+: radiologically isolated syndrome with conversion to multiple sclerosis, CIS−: a clinically isolated syndrome without conversion to multiple sclerosis, CIS+: clinically isolated syndrome with conversion to multiple sclerosis, RRMS: relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and PPMS: primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

EXAMPLE

[0129] Example: Combined proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients and of oligodendrocyte secretomes for the identification of new multiple sclerosis biomarkers

[0130] The general aim of our program is to combine different proteomic approaches to identify biomarkers of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To achieve that goal, the inventors used complementary and sensitive quantitative proteomic approaches to:

[0131] 1) analyze the effects of proinflammatory and proapoptotic treatments on the oligodendrocyte secretome;

[0132] 2) compare CSF proteome of MS and control patients in order to identify candidate MS biomarkers;

[0133] 3) verify a large set of candidate biomarkers in a new cohort comprising MS and control patients; and

[0134] 4) validate a subset of biomarkers that passed the verification step on a large cohort comprising MS and control patients as well as patients with other inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological diseases.

[0135] Step 1: Modifications of the Oligodendrocyte Secretome Upon Inflammation

[0136] The effects of pro-inflammatory treatments on the secretome of murine oligodendrocytes were investigated using SILAC (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture). For this purpose, rat oligodendrocytes in primary culture were grown in a classic culture medium for 14 days, and then allowed to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in a SILAC culture medium containing two different types of stable isotope-labeled Lysine and Arginine and serum (FIG. 1). After 5 days of incorporation, each type of stable isotope labeled culture were incubated in a serum-free medium in the presence or in the absence of TNF-alpha in order to allow accumulation of secreted proteins. Supernatants from both conditions were harvested, mixed and analyzed using an Orbitrap Q-Exactive mass spectrometer coupled to a nano-liquid chromatrography (Dionex Ultimate 3000). Protein ratios comparing the amount of proteins in supernatants of vehicle and TNF-alpha treated cells were determined using the MaxQuant software. The same experiments were replicated using Fas-ligand as an inducer of oligodendrocyte apoptosis, and compared with TNF-alpha-induced modification of oligodendrocyte seeretome (FIG. 2). Apoptosis was measured by differential counting of cells stained by propidium iodide (necrosis) and cells showing characteristic nuclear condensation and/or blebbing after Hoechst staining.

[0137] Altogether, 2,636 proteins were identified and quantified in secretome of rat oligodendrocytes exposed to either vehicle or TNF-alpha or Fas-L. Of these, 1,271 were quantified in all biological replicates performed for each experimental condition. Twelve of these proteins showed significantly different levels in the supernatant of oligodendrocytes treated with TNF-alpha and/or sFas-L, compared with vehicle (the following table represents significant changes in protein ratios in oligodendrocyte secretome upon inflammation and apoptosis).

TABLE-US-00002 Treatment/ Accession vehicle number Protein name Treatment Ratio 063120 Canalicular multispecific TNF-a 5.88 organic anion transporter 1 P31721 Complement Clq subcomponent TNF-a 2.09 subunit B P31722 Complement Clq subcomponent sFas-L 4.43 subunit C P08025 Insulin-like growth factor I sFas-L 0.25 P24594 Insulin-like growth factor- sFas-L 0.05 binding protein 5 P24594 Insulin-like growth factor- TNF-a 0.03 binding protein 5 Q9JIL3-2 Interleukin enhancer-binding sFas-L 3.83 factor 3 P30152 Neutrophil gelatinase-associated TNF-a 6.72 lipocalin (NGAL) D3ZN61 Leucine-rich repeat LGI family, sFas L 5.66 member 3 D4A4M3 Atrip protein TNF-a 0.26 MORBFI Complement C3 TNF-a 21.27 D4A599 Protein Dna hel 7 TNF-a 0.23 F1MA59 Collagen 4 Al subunit TNF-a 0.31

[0138] Finally, this step provided a first comprehensive secretome map of murine oligodendrocytes and led to the identification of subtle changes in protein secretion upon pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic (above table), providing new insight into the physiology of these cells, targeted by auto-aggressive activated lymphocytes and macrophages in MS. It also identified a set of proteins exhibiting difference in secretion in response to a proinflammatory or a pro-apoptotic treatment. Some of them {Clqb, Clqc, C3, IGF1, IGFBP1, col4A1, NGAL} have already been described in human CSF and can be considered as potential CSF biomarkers of MS.

[0139] They were combined with candidate biomarkers arising from in depth CSF analysis of control and MS patients, for verification by targeted quantitative proteomics {PRM} in a new cohort using the Q-Exactive instrument.

[0140] Step 2: High—Resolution Peptide Profiling of CSF.

[0141] This step aimed at discovering new putative biomarkers of MS by direct analysis of CSF samples from MS patients and controls using high-resolution peptide profiling by nano-LC-FT-MS/MS in a LTQ Orbitrap Elite after immunodepletion of CSF samples of the 20 most abundant plasma proteins, using Proteoprep 20® columns (Sigma Aldrich)

[0142] High-Resolution Peptide Profiling of CSF

[0143] CSF samples from 10 MS vs. 10 control patients were immunodepleted using Proteoprep 20®, digested with trypsin on 3,000 Da filters and directly analyzed in a 180 minute gradient using a Quadrupole Orbitrap instrument (Q-Exactive, Thermo Scientific). The 20 peptide maps obtained without fractionation were matched with a reference map obtained after fractionation using MaxQuant and Progenesis softwares (FIGS. 2A to 2C). Each new feature identified during the individual samples profiling were implemented in the reference peptide map.

[0144] The relative abundance of each peptide signature (and of the corresponding proteins) was quantified from the corresponding ion signals using Progenesis LC-MS software (Nonlinear Dynamics). It allowed the detection of ˜20,000 peptide features and the relative quantification of ˜700 proteins, including ˜20 proteins with significant difference in abundance in control and RRMS samples. These included two chitinase 3-like proteins, CHI3LI and CHI3L2 (FIG. 2B, and the following table), whose up-regulation in CSF from RRMS patients was further verified by ELISA in a larger cohort (FIG. 3C).

TABLE-US-00003 Global Uniprot Protein names Score P01625 Len Ig kappa chain V-IV region 4.5 015782-6 Chitinase-3-like protein 2 4.5 P01834 Ig kappa chain e region 4.5 P36222 Chitinase-3-like protein 1 4.5 P04208 WAH Ig lambda chain V-I region 4.5 B4E304 Adenosine deaminase CECR1 4.5 09UJ14 Gamma-glutamyltransferase 7 Ig 4.5 heavy chain V-III region P01766 BRO 4.5 008554-2 Desmocollin-1 3.75 013231-3 Chitotriosidase-1 3 014917-2 Protocadherin-17 2.25 P01011 Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin 2.25

[0145] The above table shows the statistical analysis of CSF label-free analysis comparing RRMS and control patients (12 significant proteins). Global scores are sums of different statistical scores used for analysis of quantitative proteomics data.

[0146] The same strategy was used to compare CSF samples from 10 CIS with rapid conversion to RRMS (less than 12 months) to other CIS patients and led to the identification of 6 putative biomarkers of conversion (following Table).

TABLE-US-00004 Global UniProt Protein names Score 09BY79-2 Membrane frizzled-related protein 4.5 P34059 N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase 3 092911 Sodium/iodide cotransporter 2.25 P54802 Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase 2.25 P12259 Coagulation factor V 1.75 P80723 Brain acid soluble protein 1 1.5

[0147] The above table shows the statistical analysis of CSF label-free analysis comparing CIS patients with rapid conversion to RRMS and other CIS patients (6 significant proteins). Global scores are sums of different statistical scores used for analysis of quantitative proteomics data.

[0148] In-depth proteomic analysis of the CSF from MS patients vs. controls and CIS patients provided one the most detailed CSF maps of MS patients and enriched databases for research in the field of MS as well as identified new candidate biomarkers for MS.

[0149] The combination of this approach with the proteomic analysis of in vitro inflamed oligodendrocytes furnished new candidates for verification by targeted quantitative proteomics.

[0150] Step 3: Selection and Verification of the Best Candidate MS Biomarkers.

[0151] Candidate biomarkers from both proteomic approaches, secretome analysis and CSF label-free proteomics, were combined for validation on a new cohort of MS and control patients by means of parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), using a quadrupole Orbitrap instrument (Q-Exactive).

[0152] Selection and verification of the best candidate MS biomarkers.

[0153] Results from both proteomic approaches were combined to increase the number of putative CSF biomarkers for validation on a large cohort of MS and control patients by means of PRM.

[0154] The inventors selected: [0155] 15 proteins (34 peptides) from the oligodendrocyte sectretome; [0156] 18 proteins (49 peptides) from CSF analysis at the protein level; [0157] 39 proteins (106 peptides) from CSF analysis at the peptide level; and [0158] 15 proteins (37 peptides) from the literatures of PRM.

[0159] Altogether, they selected 226 peptides from 87 candidate proteins identified in CSF from MS patients, secretome of oligodendrocytes and from the literature. Heavy isotopes of N, O and C were used to produce 226 synthetic peptides (Thermo Fisher), with a mass difference of 10 Da compared to endogenous peptides. These peptides were spiked in an immunodepleted pool of CSF (100 microl) from MS and control patients. PRM analysis allowed detection of 224 of these peptides in CSF with a good sensitivity.

[0160] In order to increase the accuracy of endogenous/labelled peptide ratios, the inventors prepared a peptide mix corresponding to the concentration range of the native peptides in CSF (FIG. 3). Doing so, they were able to perform a relative quantification of each peptide in individual CSF samples from MS, CIS and control patients (FIG. 4).

[0161] Using optimal dilutions for 226 labelled peptides corresponding to the 87 selected proteins, the inventors analysed CSF samples from a new cohort of 60 patients using PRM: 10 controls (CTRL), 10 inflammatory neurological disease controls (INDC), 10 slow-converting clinically isolated syndromes (CIS−), 10 fast-converting clinically isolated syndromes (CIS), 10 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 10 primary progressive MS patients (PPMS).

[0162] Eleven proteins with significant RRMS/control or CIS+/CIS− ratios (p<0.05) and high absolute fold changes were chosen for validation (following table).

[0163] Box-plots comparing the relative intensity of each peptide among the six clinical conditions analysed showed significant differences for a restricted set of candidates only (example for CD27, FIG. 5).

TABLE-US-00005 RRMS/ RRMS/ CTRL RRMS/ INDC RRMS/ fold CTRL fold INDC PEPTIDE change p-value change p-value CD27_1 22.47 0.0000 6.15 0.0008 CECR1_1 3.59 0.0016 1.69 0.1865 CECR1_2 1.81 0.0689 1.35 0.3500 CH3L2_1 2.37 0.0177 1.51 0.2450 CH3L2_2 2.97 0.0104 1.53 0.3131 CHI3L1_1 1.88 0.0102 1.19 0.4685 CHI3L1_3 1.96 0.0114 1.20 0.4780 CHIT1_1 4.54 0.0095 1.64 0.3946 CHIT1_3 6.41 0.0035 1.86 0.3248 FHR1_3 0.56 0.0165 0.63 0.0566 IgKC_1 3.56 0.0095 3.60 0.0089 IgKC_2 3.81 0.0043 3.84 0.0041 LYZ_1 1.92 0.0477 0.93 0.8215 NGAL 0.77 0.1630 0.67 0.0354 RELN_2 0.51 0.0064 0.69 0.1149 SDC1_1 2.59 0.0035 2.16 0.0161

[0164] The above table shows candidate biomarkers selected for validation by PRM. Altogether, 16 peptides corresponding to 11 proteins that showed best p-values and highest fold changes were selected. (CTRL: control; RRMS: relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; CIS: clinically isolated syndrome).

[0165] Finally, using PRM for verification of a set of 87 putative biomarkers of MS arising from a combination of label-free CSF analysis, oligodendrocyte secretome analysis and data from the literature provided a short list of 11 candidate biomarkers to be validated by PRM using highly purified synthetic peptides on a new and larger cohort of patients.

[0166] Step 4: Validation of a Restricted Set of MS Biomarkers that Passed the Verification Step.

[0167] Verification by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) of a set of 87 putative biomarkers of multiple sclerosis (MS), arising from a combination of label-free cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, oligodendrocyte secretome analysis and data from the literature, provided a short list of 11 candidate biomarkers (16 peptides). Given the diversity of these candidate biomarkers and the lack of efficient and validated ELISA kit for most of them, the inventors decided to validate these putative MS biomarkers by a new PRM assay on a new and larger cohort (188 patients) including different control groups (symptomatic controls, inflammatory neurological disease controls, non inflammatory neurological disease controls, peripheral inflammatory neurological disease controls and isolated optic neuritis) and MS patients at different stages of the disease, including patients with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS), clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), RRMS and PPMS (Table 5). RIS is defined by the presence demyelinating abnormalities suggestive of MS in a brain scan of patients with no symptoms of MS. This is considered as a presymptomatic form of MS. RIS− are defined as RIS patients without conversion to MS after more than 24 months of follow-up while RIS+ converted to MS during follow-up. In the same manner, CIS− are defined as CIS patients without conversion to MS after more than 24 months of follow-up while CIS+ converted to MS within 12 months of follow-up.

TABLE-US-00006 Diagnostic CTRL NINDC PINDC INDC ON RIS CIS RRMS PPMS N 30 13 13 13 15 30 30 30 14 Age (mean, 38.3 40.8 56.2 46.4 31.8 36.7 34.3 38.2 46.6 years) Sex 80%  46%  54% 23% 87%  83% 83% 77% 43% (female/total ratio) CSF protein level 0.36 0.33 0.41 0.39 036 0.39 0.34 0.39 0.51 (mean, g/L) Presence of OCBs 0% 0% 15% 15% 7% 43% 83% 90% 79% Elevated IgG 0% 0%  0%  0% 0% 27% 60% 78% 58% index IgG index 0.48 0.45 0.48 0.47 0.47 ND 0.86 1.12 0.84 Positive CSF 0% 0% 15% 15% 7% 53% 83% 90% 79% DIS (Barkhof) NA NA NA NA 0% 50% 60% 80% ND DIS (Swanton) NA NA NA NA 0% 100%  97% 100%  ND Gadolinium NA NA NA NA 0% 10% 33% 47% ND enhancement

[0168] The above table shows the patients of the second cohort used for validation of candidate biomarkers by PRM. (CTRL: symptomatic controls; INDC: inflammatory neurological disease controls; NINDC: non-inflammatory neurological disease controls; PINDC: peripheral inflammatory neurological disease controls; ON: isolated optic neuritis; RIS: radiologically isolated syndrome; CIS: clinically isolated syndrome; RRMS: relapsing-remitting MS; PPMS: primary progressive MS).

[0169] As for the verification step, CSF samples (100 μL) were immunodepleted of the 20 most abundant plasma proteins using the Proteoprep 20® immunodepletion column. A single depletion cycle was sufficient to accurately quantify the 16 target peptides corresponding to the 11 selected proteins, using purified, heavy isotope-labeled, synthetic peptides (AQUA Ultimate, Thermo Fisher), as internal standards (following Table). For each peptide, limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined. Using optimal dilutions for these 16 labeled peptides, we thus quantified the native 16 peptides in CSF samples from a new cohort of 188 patients using PRM.

TABLE-US-00007 Labelled Mass Peptide Sequence residue change CD27_1 HCNSGLLV(R) (SEQ ID NO: 2) Arginine +10 Da (R) CECR1_ LLPVYELSGEHHDEEWSV(K) Lysine  +8 Da 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) (K) CECR1_ SQVFNIL(R) (SEQ ID NO: 11) Arginine +10 Da 2 (R) CH3L2_ ILGQQVPYAT(K) (SEQ ID NO: 12) Lysine  +8 Da 1 (K) CH3L2_ LVCYYTSWSQY(R) (SEQ ID NO: 13) Arginine +10 Da 2 (R) CHI3L1_ LLLTAGVSAG(R) (SEQ ID NO: 14) Arginine +10 Da 1 (R) CHI3L1_ GPSSYYNVEYAVGYWIH(K) (SEQ ID NO: Lysine(K)  +8 Da 3 15) CHIT1_1 VGAPATGSGTPGPFT(K) (SEQ ID NO: 16) Lysine(K)  +8 Da CHIT1_3 DNQWVGFDDVESF(K) (SEQ ID NO: 17) Lysine(K)  +8 Da FHR1_3 NHGILYDEE(K) (SEQ ID NO: 18) Lysine(K)  +8 Da IgKC_1 SGTASVVCLLNNFYP(R) (SAQ ID NO: 19) Arginine +10 Da (R) IgKC_2 VDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDS(K) (SEQ ID Lysine  +8 Da NO: 5) (K) LYZ_1 WESGYNT(R) (SEQ ID NO: 20) Arginine +10 Da (R) NGAL_1 SYPGLTSYLV(R) (SEQ ID NO: 4) Arginine +10 Da (R) RELN_2 VIVLLPQ(K) SEQ ID NO: 21) Lysine(K)  +8 Da SDC1_1 EGEAVVLPEVEPGLTA(R) (SEQ ID NO: 1) Arginine +10 Da (R)

[0170] The above table shows the peptides quantified for biomarker validation by the second PRM round on the new cohort of 188 patients. Sixteen highly purified synthetic peptides (AQUA Ultimate, Thermo Fisher) corresponding to 11 proteins were designed. Heavy isotopes of N, O and C were incorporated to provide a mass shift of 8 or 10 Da.

[0171] Box-plots comparing the relative intensity of each peptide among the 11 clinical conditions analyzed were established. Comparison of the verification and the validation steps showed similar expression profiles among the different cohorts of patients (not shown), confirming the reliability of our PRM method to quantify candidate biomarkers in CSF. Especially, profiles of CHI3L1, CHI3L2 and CHIT1 were similar to previously published results obtained by the inventors' laboratory and other groups of investigators. The inventors also showed interesting differences for a restricted set of new candidate biomarkers of MS (FIG. 6). These include soluble Syndecan-1 (SDC1, sCD138), soluble CD27 (sCD27), immunoglobulin kappa chain C region (IgKC), Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, lipocalin-2) and Adenosine Deaminase (CECR1), which showed different and complementary profiles (FIG. 6): [0172] Increase in all MS subtypes (CIS, RRMS, PPMS) but not in other CNS inflammatory conditions (SDC1, IgKC) [0173] Discrimination between RIS− and RIS+ (SDC1, CD27, IgKC) [0174] Increase in all CNS pathologies but not in MS (NGAL) [0175] Increase in all CNS pathologies and in MS (CECR1)

[0176] These analyses also revealed that patients with an isolated optic neuritis (ON) share the same profile as symptomatic controls (CTRL), suggesting the absence of CSF inflammation, as observed in CIS patients with optic neuritis.

[0177] The combination of these biomarkers with complementary profiles could help deciphering:

[0178] 1) positive diagnosis of MS whatever the stage of the disease (pre-symptomatic, after a first attack and later even in patients with primary progressive MS)

[0179] 2) differential diagnosis with other inflammatory or non-inflammatory neurological diseases of the CNS or the peripheral nervous system

[0180] 3) the risk of conversion to MS for patients with RIS, a presymptomatic form of MS.

[0181] Applications in clinics:

[0182] The inventors wish to take advantage of these results to patent the combined use of these five biomarkers able to distinguish MS from other pathologies and predict evolution of RIS patients, even though this biomarker combination failed to predict conversion to MS after a CIS. Indeed, all CIS patients included in this study were at high-risk of conversion to MS according to the presence of several demyelinating lesions on first MRI (Swanton criteria).

[0183] Moreover, the study provided a more extensive validation (on a larger set of patients and pathologies), compared to previously identified candidate biomarkers, except for CHI3L1.

[0184] Further validation using ELISA will be performed to confirm these results and build a biological test for routine characterization of patients with potential CNS inflammatory diseases, even before the occurrence of neurological symptoms. The discovery of these new MS biomarkers in CSF could be useful for developing future diagnostic tools as well as new therapies.

[0185] Finally, this combination of biomarkers also revealed different pathways possibly involved in MS and that may constitute therapeutic targets for the management of the disease. In particular, CD27, SDC1 and CECR1 are expressed by lymphocytes targeted by several immunotherapies (anti-CD52 (alemtuzumab), anti-CD20 (rituximab, ocrelizumab), and cladribine). Translation to serum will also offer the possibility to facilitate monitoring of the activity of the disease and the response to different immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatments.

[0186] In conclusion, the inventors' proteomics studies of an in vitro cellular model reproducing some features of the disease (primary cultures of oligodendrocytes exposed to pro-inflammatory/pro-apoptotic treatments) and of CSF samples of patients with MS and other disease controls, identified new biomarkers relevant for MS diagnosis and prognosis.